وثائقي (١): قصة الإنسان

**تطور الإنسان من الجزيئات إلى الهومو سابينس**  

بدأ تاريخ قصتنا منذ زمن بعيد، منذ حوالي ثلاثة مليارات سنة، حين كنا نطفو كجزيئات صغيرة جدًا في طبق بتري صغير يمثل العالم. ثم تقدمنا سريعًا إلى حوالي ستة ملايين سنة مضت، حيث ظهرت أولى أنواع الهومو، وهي عائلة من الرئيسيات التي تشمل البشر. قبل حوالي مليون وتسعمائة ألف سنة، كان الهومو إريكتوس أول نوع يغادر إفريقيا ويستعمر أجزاء أخرى من العالم، وكان يمتلك أدمغة أكبر من أسلافه من الرئيسيات. ثم قبل حوالي أربعمائة ألف سنة، ظهرت أولى الأدلة على وجود النياندرتال، الذين كانت أجسادهم متكيفة مع البيئات الباردة في أوروبا وغرب آسيا، وكانت ملامحهم الوجهية من أكثر الملامح شبها بالبشر التي رُئيت على الإطلاق. ثم جئنا نحن، الهومو سابينس، النوع الوحيد الباقي من جنس الهومو. لكن كيف تمكن الهومو سابينس من السيطرة على العالم؟ من خلال آلية الحضارة.

**بداية الزراعة في مدينة أور السومرية**  

نبدأ قصتنا في أراضي بلاد الرافدين الخصبة عام 4000 قبل الميلاد، بين نهري دجلة والفرات العظيمين، في مدينة أور السومرية. بدلاً من الاعتماد على الصيد وجمع الثمار كما فعل أسلافنا في الماضي، تمكن سكان أور من تطوير طريقة لحصاد الحبوب مثل القمح والشعير. لكن تحويل الحبوب إلى طعام صالح للأكل كان يتطلب جهدًا كبيرًا. في البداية، استخدموا اختراعًا يُسمى الطاحونة اليدوية، التي تتكون من حجرين يتم سحق الحبوب بينهما، ثم يُجمع الطحين في وعاء ويُخزن للاستخدام المستقبلي. كان هذا بداية شيء عظيم، إذ كان هذا العمل المعقد والمرهق أول مثال في عالمنا الحديث للزراعة. لم نعد نعتمد على صيد الحيوانات أو جمع التوت للحصول على طعامنا، بل باستخدام الإبداع البشري، تمكنا من خلق مصدر غذائي خاص بنا. سمح ذلك لمدينة أور بالازدهار حتى أصبحت مكانًا يضم أكثر من خمسين ألف نسمة.

**تأثير الزراعة على جسم الإنسان**  

ومع ذلك، أحدث هذا التغيير تأثيرًا على جسم الإنسان. فقد تقلص متوسط طول الرجال بشكل كبير من خمسة أقدام وتسع بوصات إلى خمسة أقدام وثلاث بوصات، وبالنسبة للنساء، تقلص متوسط طولهن من خمسة أقدام وثلاث بوصات إلى خمسة أقدام. بدلاً من أن نكون رياضيين خارقين كما كنا في الماضي، أصبحنا مزارعين أصغر حجمًا وأقل بروزًا. كما أصبح الناس مرتبطين بالأرض، مما غيّر جوهر ما يعنيه أن تكون إنسانًا.

**صعود الحضارات في بلاد الرافدين ووادي السند**  

في أوائل الألفية الثالثة قبل الميلاد، وفقًا للأسطورة، بدأ الملك جلجامش حكمه كملك سومري في منطقته. ومع ذلك، بحلول نهاية الألفية الثالثة قبل الميلاد، طرد الأكاديون السومريين، وتولى سرجون العظيم السلطة وغزا كل سومر. في الوقت نفسه، في وادي السند في باكستان الحديثة، كانت حضارة جديدة تنمو. كانت حضارة وادي السند، التي امتدت من 3300 إلى 1300 قبل الميلاد، معروفة بشكل خاص بنظام الصرف الصحي المتقدم للغاية. كانت المراحيض تُبنى بمقعد وقناة تؤدي إلى نظام تصريف تحت الأرض، حيث كانت مياه الصرف تُنقل بعيدًا عن المنازل عبر شبكة من القنوات المغطاة، مما منع انتشار الأمراض. كما كان يتم معالجة النفايات والتخلص منها خارج حدود المدينة، مما ساعد في الحفاظ على نظافة المدن وصحتها.

**الأهرامات المصرية ورحلة الفراعنة إلى الحياة الآخرة**  

في مصر، كانوا منشغلين ببناء الأهرامات أكثر من الاهتمام بالسباكة الأساسية. كان ذلك لأنه في الديانة المصرية القديمة، كان يُعتقد أنه عندما يموت الفرعون في العالم المادي، تستمر روحه في الحياة في العالم الآخر، حيث يواصل الحكم إلى الأبد ويُعبد من الأحياء. داخل هذه الأهرامات، كان يتم تحنيط جثة الفرعون بعناية، وهي عملية كان يُعتقد أنها تحافظ على شكله المادي وتساعد في ضمان رحلة روحه إلى الحياة الآخرة. كما كانت الأهرام تملأ بالقرابين والكنوز التي كانت تهدف إلى تزويد الفرعون بالموارد التي سيحتاجها في الحياة الآخرة. كان كل فرعون يرغب في ضمان خلوده، وأن ينجح في الحياة الآخرة، وأن يُعبد إلى الأبد. لهذا السبب، كان بناء الأهرامات أولوية قصوى لفراعنة مصر. بدأ ذلك عندما بنى الفرعون زوسر (2667-2648 قبل الميلاد) هرم السلم في سقارة، ثم تبعه سنفرو (2613-2589 قبل الميلاد) الذي بنى عدة أهرامات مثل الهرم المنحني والهرم الأحمر. ثم جاء الفرعون خوفو (2589-2566 قبل الميلاد) الذي بنى هرم الجيزة العظيم في عملية شاقة استمرت عشرين عامًا، وهو ما يثير إعجاب العالم حتى اليوم. ثم تبعه الفرعون خفرع ومنقرع اللذان بنيا الهرمين الثاني والثالث في الجيزة، وهما أصغر قليلاً.

**تأسيس سلالة شيا في الصين**  

في الصين، في عام 2100 قبل الميلاد، ظهرت أول سلالة صينية. مثل شعوب بلاد الرافدين، كان الصينيون يعتمدون بشكل كبير على الزراعة، حيث أنتجوا الأرز والقمح والشعير وغيرها من المحاصيل. ومع ذلك، وفقًا للأسطورة، كان النهر الأصفر يفيض، مما يدمر جميع المحاصيل ويؤدي إلى مجاعات ومعاناة كبيرة. لكن لم يُفقد كل شيء، إذ ظهر يو العظيم. كان يو منزعجًا جدًا من هذه المشكلة، فأمضى أيامه يسافر صعودًا وهبوطًا على طول النهر الأصفر، ووجد طرقًا لتحويل مجرى الأنهار ببناء السدود والحواجز لتنظيم الممرات المائية. بعد ثلاث عشرة سنة من العمل الشاق، لم تعد الفيضانات قادرة على تدمير الأرض. كان الناس في غاية السعادة، واعتُبر يو بطلًا منقذًا. كانت تلك بداية أول سلالة صينية، سلالة شيا. على الرغم من أن دقة هذه القصة محل تساؤل من المؤرخين، إلا أنها وضعت سابقة مهمة: فكرة أن السلطة يجب أن تتبع الجدارة، وأن الفرد الذي يستحق السلطة المطلقة يجب أن يمتلكها. شكلت هذه الفكرة العالم لسنوات عديدة، ودفع الناس في الصين القديمة لاتباعه وإنشاء أول سلالة صينية.

**نظام حمورابي القانوني في بابل**  

في بلاد الرافدين، حوالي عام 1772 قبل الميلاد، وضع الملك البابلي حمورابي أساس النظام القانوني كما نعرفه اليوم. أمر حمورابي بإنشاء لوح حجري يبلغ طوله سبعة أقدام وعرضه قدمين، كُتب عليه نظام يتضمن مئتين واثنين وثمانين قانونًا يجب على كل مواطن في مملكته اتباعها. تضمنت هذه القوانين، على سبيل المثال، القانون الأول: إذا اتهم رجل رجلاً آخر بالقتل ولم يستطع إثبات ذلك، يُعدم المتهم. والقانون 196: إذا دمر رجل عين رجل آخر، تُدمر عينه. والقانون 197: إذا كسر عظم رجل آخر، تُكسر عظمه. والقانون 199: إذا دمر عين عبد رجل أو كسر عظم عبد رجل، يدفع نصف ثمنه. لكن ما فعله الملك حمورابي هو إنشاء مجتمع يقوم على القوانين. وضع قوانين صارمة تضع الناس في طبقات معينة من الحياة والقيمة. كان لكل شخص قيمة مختلفة بناءً على الطبقة التي ينتمي إليها في المجتمع. لم يكن هناك وهم بالمساواة في بابل القديمة، بل كان من الواضح أن قيمة عظم النبيل كانت أكثر من قيمة عظم الفقير، وكانت قيمة عظم الفقير أكثر من قيمة عظم العبد، وهي فكرة استمرت عبر التاريخ.

[Applause] while in modern-day turkey a lesser known civilization came to power the 

hites empire under the charismatic rule of the leader learnis 1680 to 1650 BCE 

he was a skilled ruler with a single vision in mind uniting The Hite city states under a single rule the Barnes 

LED his army from City to City conquering neighboring city states and making alliances with their leaders he 

was a shrewd Diplomat and he used his diplomatic skills to win over the hearts and minds of the people eventually 

learnis became the ruler of all the Hite city states and established the Empire 

he was a just and fair ruler and was loved by his people under his rule the 

hites prospered and their territory expanded leaving them right next to their neighbors in Egypt 

while in modern-day Greece a collection of city states emerged on the European continent Myan Greece 1600 BCE to 1100 

BCE was dominated by an elite Warrior society and consisted of a network of 

Palace centered states that developed rigid hierarchial political social and 

economic systems at the head of this Society was the king however unlike a 

unified civiliz ation each city was on its own a citystate is a city that with 

its surrounding territory forms an independent state the development of city states such as Troy minini and 

pilus start to grow the first remnants of the Greek written language known as 

Linear B also started to emerge the first record of any Indo-European Greek 

record we have today [Music] 

while back in Egypt they started to create a social pyramid of another type the Egyptian social pyramid like the 

Great Pyramid of Giza it is more prominent at the bottom and tinier at the top at the bottom lays The Peasants 

and the slaves they were responsible for doing all the manual labor they worked on the lands they would spend the day in 

and day out farming producing food for all of Egypt then when the season to 

farm was over for the year they would work on the pharaoh's massive building projects literally building the 

pyramids slightly above the slaves came The Artisans they were the stonemasons 

the plasters and the sculptors who created the exuberant art the wealthy desired and for Egypt is most known for 

today then came the merchants who spent their days navigating the Nile trading 

gold Papyrus and linen to anyone who could afford it they were well respected and a ble to make a healthy profit by 

selling then came the scribes these masters of the world would go to specialized scribe schools just to 

master the language of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics in Practical use these 

scribes took account of the stores of food various tax documents and even the daily lives of the Pharaoh after the 

scribes came the soldiers the soldiers were tasked with protecting the Egyptian 

Empire they dedicated their lives to defend or make preemptive strikes against their enemy generally they were 

wellfed then near the top came the bureaucrats these high-ranking 

government officials did essential tasks at the top of society like the viers who 

ran the logistical tasks necessary to run a civilization the priests oversaw 

taking care of the temples to ensure the gods were well cared for the Nobles oversaw specific regions of the Empire 

and kept order in said regions at the top the purpose of everyone below was 

the Pharaoh the king and the mediator between the gods and the world of men 

the Pharaohs will be known to be Supreme and all must succumb to it when the 

Pharaoh dies he will be buried in a pyramid in which he will help eternally rule over the Egyptian Empire Egyptian 

Society was created to serve the Pharaoh taxes were taken from the farmers for 

the Pharaoh and Artisans made unique crafts for it the merchants ensured the Pharaoh was well supplied with the 

needed Goods the scribes would follow the Pharaoh and record his thoughts the soldiers made sure his Empire was 

protected the bureaucrats did the jobs the Pharaoh couldn't do while the Pharaoh sat at the top and communicated 

with the gods Pharaoh Ramsey II 1279 to 1213 BC e accomplished many 

extraordinary things by living in this social system he orchestrated the the construction of the Temple of Abu symbol 

the ramum and the Temple of Carnac he was also able to grow the Egyptian 

Empire and reconquer lands lost by other pharaohs except for the land claimed by 

The Hite [Music] 

Empire the hiide king of the time matali II 1295 to 1272 BCE was Notorious for 

ordering his troops to attack his Egyptian neighbors following the example of labaris matali wanted to unify the 

world under Hite rule however Ramsey had enough other pharaohs in the past have 

tried to stop the hites but he knew if his Empire was to ever succeed he needed 

to attack back his Target is the city of cadesh ramsy rode in on his Chariot with 

four divisions of 20,000 men ready to dominate and kill matwell however the 

hites already knew of the incoming Egyptian Invasion through Espionage they 

fortified their city with 40,000 of his own men a war was about to commence 

Ramsey decided to split up his divisions to force matali out but yet matwali 

never did a gruesome mistake splitting up his forces left him exposed unable to 

get an advantage allowing matwali and the people of Cadet a chance for victory 

historians believe that all they did was come out from the fortification of cadesh and trap Ramsay's the seconds 

forces in his army by the river but yet for some unknown reason they never did 

leaving the Battle of cadesh to end in a draw after the battle though both sides 

decided it would be best to stop attacking each other that they should live in peace and unity in this world 

then after the death of matali the new King hadil III took the throne of The 

Hite Empire through the means of Messengers in the year 1258 BC both 

Ramsey and haduu signed the first peace treaty to ever exist reading in part 

Ramsey the Great king the king of the country of Egypt shall never attack the 

country of hadti to take possession of a part of this country and hadu the great 

king of the country of Hadi shall never attack the country of egyp Egypt to take possession of a part of that country 

then a period of friendship occurred between these two once Waring Nations 

the hites were skilled in metal work and taught the Egyptians to make Superior weapons and tools at the same time the 

Egyptians master of Agriculture shared their knowledge with the hites Tred for 

the benefit of both civilizations both civilizations prospered because of this 

peace can lead to prosperity the agreement was kept in place until around 12200 BCE because that's when The Hite 

Empire fell because of the constant attacks they faced from the sea people 

leaving The Hite Empire to be lost in the state of [Music] 

History while on a continent far away the first civilization in the Americas 

was taking foot in modern-day Mexico the mme civilization 1200 BCE to 400 BCE is 

often considered the mother civilization of Native American civilizations however sadly though not 

much is known about them mainly due to their writing in a hieroglyph historians still can't decipher one of the few 

remains we have are these 17 colossal Stone heads in MSO American culture 

there is this belief that the head alone could contain an individual's emotion experience 

and soul we may not know their leaders names like of other civilizations like Ramsey and hamurabi when Looking Through 

The Eyes of a stone head we can still feel their presence and in some ways 

they remain Immortal enshrined in history for one day we may learn who 

they [Music] are while in the East the X Dynasty 1046 

to 256 BCE in China was taking it stride the XO Dynasty gained power because of 

the failures of the less critical Shang Dynasty they believed in the idea of a mandate from Heaven this resulted in 

four principles in the Chinese dynastical structure that would be repeated repeatedly one Heaven grants 

the emperor the right to rule two since there is only one Heaven there can only be one Emperor at any given time three 

the emperor's virtue determines his right to rule and four no one one Dynasty has a permanent right to rule a 

ruler in Dynasty could lose the Mandate from Heaven and the heavens weren't always on the side of the rulers over 

time it will fade into another Dynasty the heavens would send signs of droughts 

famines floods and earthquakes across the land signaling they'd lost the 

blessing from above this is how the Shang Dynasty fell and the Z Dynasty 

grew to prominence the Z Dynasty brought another style of government and the 

creation of feudalism the system was straightforward leading to another social pyramid at the bottom lay The 

Peasants who were tied to the land and whose job was to produce crops for the Empire then came the soldiers whose job 

was to protect the lands from foreign Invaders then the Lords who owned the land and taxed The Peasants a portion of 

their crops who in turn the lord gave some of their crops to the king the person in charge of the whole empire the 

king would then receive more crops and become very wealthy all profits go to 

the king and all work goes to the masses why would anyone just settle for a life 

of farming day in and day out there are two reasons for this phenomenon the first reason was due to necessity it 

took many more people to feed an Empire and a family back then and the second reason being philosophy towards the end 

of the X Dynasty the beginning of Eastern philosophy was created Confucius 

created a philosophy system justly named Confucianism which is focused on the 

importance of respect loyalty and responsibility in all relationships in 

life a central concept of Confucianism is called Lee which can be translated as 

rituals Customs or manners Lee refers to the formal and informal social 

conventions that guide societal Behavior it is seen as maintaining order and Harmony in Social relationships while 

loudy created another philosophy called taism the word too means the way or the 

path and taoism teaches that individuals should seek to align themselves with the 

natural flow of the universe rather than fighting against it live your life as 

peacefully with yourself as possible and don't worry about external things outside your control just focus on your 

farming one of the most famous contemporaries from taism is the idea of Yin and yang representing complimentary 

and interdependent forces in nature such as light and dark hot and cold or 

masculine and feminine tosm teaches that by balancing these opposing forces 

individuals can achieve Harmony and fulfillment Confucianism and taism made 

life bearable for ancient Chinese [Music] 

Farmers But as time progressed the city states that occupied ancient Greece grew 

around 800 BCE the Greek city started to realize that the land they occupied was 

practically infertile so to produce an essential staple of grain they had to 

import it hence why the Greek States had to colonize the world around them the 

city state mettus at its height had over 90 colonies throughout Europe producing 

food for the Greeks at its height the Greek had set up colonies from modern-day Marseilles in France to Rav 

andon in [Music] Russia one of these new emerging city 

states was Rome as Legend has it Romulus and Ramis were twin brothers abandoned 

by their parents and placed into the river tobet as the basket floated across the river a female wolf discovered the 

two orphans and nursed them back to health when Romulus and Ramis became adults they decided to find a city where 

the wolf rescued them however this created turmoil as both brothers wanted the site to be named after themselves as 

Romulus and Ramos fought relentlessly eventually Romulus came up with the final blow and killed Ramos creating 

Rome in 753 

BC while the Greek city states might have been colonizing Cyrus the Great was 

about to take over an Empire at the time the Persians were subjugated to the rule 

of the 's Empire according to Legend after his grandson Cyrus was born king 

aages of mes had a vivid dream that his little grandson would one day stage a 

revolt against him King aages knew what to do and ordered his chief advisor to 

kill the baby but the chief adviser gave the baby off to a Shepherd to be raised 

instead however troubles weren't over for Cyrus when he was 10 King aages 

found Cyrus King aages wanted to kill him because the dream was very clear 

this man will revolt against you yet against his better senses Cyrus was 

allowed to live King asage is's biggest mistake when Cyrus was a man he gathered 

his army and revolted against his maternal grandfather the two but as 

prophecy had it aages surrendered in 550 BC e however Cyprus wasn't done 

conquering he conquered Babylon and became the Supreme ruler of Mesopotamia 

and even the indis valley civilization the world was in Cyrus's hand Cyrus then 

took over the Greek colony of Ionia in Asia Minor leading a great Persian 

Empire and then he died leaving it all in the air for the next great Persian 

king Darius the [Music] 

great while back in Greece various city states started to gain power but two 

were at the Forefront Sparta and Athens Sparta was a military Powerhouse the 

famous Spartans believed everything should focus on physical strength and War when a new Young Spartan was born it 

would be slaughtered if it didn't look healthy boys were taken from their families at a young age and were trained 

to become Soldiers the brutal training included physical conditioning weapons training and harsh living condition 

the entire life of a Spartan was to win a war their society reflects it with 

three main groups the ruling class consisted of aristocrats who held political power the free noncitizens who 

were not allowed to participate in government but were still expected to serve in the military and the helit a 

group of enslaved people that provided labor for the Spartan State life in Sparta was harsh brutal and militaristic 

while their neighbors up north were experimenting with this idea of democracy Athenian democracy was a 

highly complicated mess there were two branches the Council of 500 and the 

assembly the Council of 500 was selected randomly by a process known as sortition 

Athens itself was made up of 10 different tribes each tribe was responsible for providing 50 citizens to 

serve for one year in the Council of 500 via a random selection each eligible 

citizen would be given a personalized token those tokens were inserted into a particular machine called a clarit tyon 

this long lost technology included tubes and balls which somehow selected 50 

residents of each tribe to join the illustrious Council of 500 while in the 

assembly there was a system in place that said that every single citizen had a vote of course to be a citizen you had 

to be a male and not a slave and either born in Athens or to Athenian parents 

the Council of 500 would create the agenda for the main assembly to vote on because over 30,000 people could have a 

vote at any given time it was total chaos so to Quil this the council would 

nominate nine presidents the morning of the meeting and it was their job to ensure all the rules and procedures were 

being followed since they were appointed right before the assembly met they were almost impossible possible to bribe 

somehow the assembly would loudly vote on whether a bill would pass they would vote on matters like appointing generals 

various laws and other government bureaucracy however not everyone liked this Athenian democracy the famous Greek 

philosopher Plato thought the idea was barbaric in book six of a seal book The 

Republic Plato writes the true Navigator must study the seasons of the year the 

sky the stars the winds and all the other subjects appropriate to his profession if he is really fit to 

control the ship think that it's quite impossible to acquire the professional skill needed for such control and that 

there's no such thing as the art of navigation how much could a randomly 

selected member of the Council of 500 really know how much could he fully 

contribute to society should we allow a random member of society to have any 

power instead Plato would advocate for the idea of a philosopher king a man who 

studies wisdom logic and reasoning a man who dedicates his life to understanding 

how to be just a man who will become the Navigator of wisdom Plato would rather 

say the society we have described can never grow into a reality or see the light of day and there will be no end to 

the Troubles of the states or indeed my dear Glen of humanity itself till 

philosophers become rulers in this world or till those We Now call Kings and rulers really and truly become 

philosophers and political power and philosophy thus come into the same hands 

there's just one issue with Plato's quote every leader thinks they're a philosopher king everyone thinks they're 

thoughts are the best everyone thinks their ideas are the wisest from you the 

great in China to labaris of the hid Empire to sedara Gama of the kingdom of 

Maga in India 

while not so far away in the Indian Kingdom of magat a spoiled Prince named 

sedara GMA 500 BCE lived in luxury inside a palace inside this Palace 

sedara could have anything he wanted all the jewels all the wealth all the finest 

Goods thrust upon him his world inside of the palace was a Utopia on Earth 

there was no want need or desire and it was perfect until he went outside his 

Palace compound the only place he ever knew as he took his first steps outside of his Palace what he saw struck a cord 

he saw an old man dying right on the street in front he realized that the Human Experience wasn't something that 

was perfect and Sublime instead it was death as Gilgamesh realized many years 

ago this was an inevitable part of The Human Experience sedara left his life of 

luxury y behind and began a quest for knowledge and Enlightenment he studied with spiritual teachers and meditated 

for many years searching for answers to Life's big questions finally after six 

years of seeking he sat down under a fig tree and meditated until he achieved 

Enlightenment Enlightenment is a state of inner peace in which one has transcended the limitations of the ego 

and is in touch with a universal Consciousness or Divine Essence it isn't 

a fixed and permanent thing but rather an ongoing process of growth and development but under that fig tree 

sarta became known as the Buddha or the awakened one he would spend the rest of 

his life traveling the countryside becoming close to the 

enlightenment Darius was determined to follow in his Father's Footsteps and take over the world after finalizing 

their rule over the city's state of Ionia the Persians were on a quest to take over Greece Darius and his 20,000 

men came to the city of Marathon in the year 490 BCE a city 

26.2 Mi away from Athens the Athenians were vastly outnumbered with only 10,000 

men as the Persians were trying to regroup the powerful Greek hoplight crushed the weaker Persian Foot Soldiers 

by routing the wings before turning towards the center of the Persian Persian line the remnants of the Persian 

army fled to their ships and left the battle early historians believe the battlefield littered 

6,400 Persian bodies while the Athenians lost only 192 so the Persians retreated and an 

Athenian messenger named phodes ran the 26.2 miles from Marathon to 

Athens exclaiming with joy how the Athenians just beat the mighty Persian 

Empire Empire all of Athens went crazy with this fantastic news hence leading 

the phi's historic Trek to be sketched into history as the world's first 

marathon however the Persians weren't done even with Darius the first dying of mysterious circumstances his son xeres I 

first took over the crown and wanted to complete his grandfather's Legacy in 480 

BCE xeres the first wanted Revenge so he brought his enormous Invasion force of 

over 100,000 soldiers and was dead set on conquering Greece then at a narrow 

pass at theropo the Spartan King leonitis had his force of 7,000 Spartans 

maintain the defense leonitis knew of his disadvantage and developed a bold 

and daring plan to defeat the Persians rather than waiting for the Persians to attack leonitis ordered his soldiers to 

make a surprise attack on the Persian Camp catching the Persians off guard and disrupting their formation despite their 

success the Greek army was ultimately overwhelmed by the Persians who attacked 

from all sides and eventually broke through the Greek defenses leonitis and his soldiers fought with courage and 

determination still they were ultimately defeated then came the Battle of Salamis 

where the Greeks could change the tilt of the war in a naval battle between the 

500 Persian Tri and 300 Greek Tri it didn't look good for the Greeks still 

the great Athenian General the mystically employed his plan to move the Persian Fleet into the narrow streets of 

Salamis and hit the enemy Fleet so hard that it had nowhere to retreat after a 

massive sea Battle the mysticle W greas the Victory and changed the face of the 

war the Persians still had their goal conquer the Greek city states xeres had 

returned to Persia leaving Persian general mardonius in charge of the Persian Force for most of the 

significant battle yet after diplomatic talks ceased Persia knew they had to 

attack as the Persians sent their troops to platea the Greeks knew they had to work together with 30 various Greek city 

states working together they were able to field a massive 110,000 hoplight army with the primary 

purpose of defeating Persia though that was nothing compared to to the estimated 

150,000 man army of Persia the battle was fierce and intense with both sides 

fighting with ferocity and determination the Greek opls continued to be effective against the Persian Cavalry and archers 

the Greeks also strategically used the terrain fighting on a slope that helped offset the Persian numerical advantage 

in the end the Greeks defeated the Persian forces and secured a decisive Victory the Persians suffered heavy 

losses and mardonius was killed in the fighting the Battle of platea marked the 

end of the Greco Persian Wars and the Persian threat to 

Greece after the Persian War life in ancient Greece was spectacular a golden 

age of culture was upon us with no longer having to face the threat of War Athens was able to create architectural 

wonders such as the Parthenon the Parthenon sits upon the Athenian Acropolis a prominent Hill overlooking 

the city of Athens to show its wealth and culture no matter where you'll go in Athens you can still see the great 

Parthenon even today then came the theater around this time the state would 

sponsor the most significant poets to create stories in the Athenian festival called the city dionesia a festival 

designed to worship the Greek god of theater and fertility dionis creating 

playwrights such as Sophocles escalus and [Music] 

Aristophanes states were hungry for power Athens was recruiting city states 

into their Dean Alliance while Sparta was recruiting city states into their pelian Alliance both Sparta and Athens 

felt like they should control the city of Coria hence why in 434 BCE War war 

was upon the Greek Peninsula resulting in Naval battles such as the Battle of siblo and the Battle of pyos by 421 BCE 

a short piece was negotiated however this piece would not last and Athens had 

their eyes on Sicily initially the expedition was going well the Athenians 

established alliances with several Sicilian cities and one several minor 

skirmishes against the Sicilian forces but soon alabed one of the greatest 

naval Generals in history was recalled to Athens to face charges of Sac rig the 

Athenian fleet was left without his leadership in his absence the expedition 

began to unravel the Athenians could not take the city of Syracuse which had fortified its defenses and was well 

prepared for a Siege the Sicilians were aided by reinforcements from Sparta 

which saw an opportunity to strike a crippling blow against its arch rival Athens the Athenians suffered from a 

lack of supplies and were plagued by disease at the same time the syracusan launched a series of surprise attacks 

and ambushes finally after months of grueling fighting the Athenian fleet was 

destroyed in a decisive battle thousands of Athenians were killed and many more 

were captured and enslaved a decade after that Athens fell to the Spartans 

the age of legendary Greece was now over both Athens and Sparta were 

significantly weaker never to regain the same power they once had leaving the 

world ready for a philosopher king to conquer it [Music] 

all then in the East the Mandate of Heaven was up the Joo Dynasty after a 

long 800-year rule it was deemed by the heavens that their empire was up which 

led to a period known as the Waring States 474 to 221 BCE this resulted in 

Han fezy who created a new philosophy called legalism followers of legalism 

believe that people were inherently selfish and would only act in their own self-interest and that the only way to 

keep them in line was through a system of rewards and punishments that was clear and consistently enforced this 

resulted in fezy claimed claiming that the best way to achieve social order was by establishing a powerful ruler 

responsible for enforcing the law and punishing wrongdoers he also believed 

the ruler should have complete control over the military the economy and 

Society while in the heart of the Waka region of Mexico the zapc civilization 

started to flourish the capital city of Monty Alban was being built on a Mountaintop overlooking the entire Waka 

Valley perched on the Mountaintop overlooking the valley of Waka the city was home to a ruling Elite who oversaw a 

hierarchal social structure that included middleclass Artisans and lower class Farmers the people of the zapc 

civilization were known for their Innovative agricultural practices including the cultivation of Maze and 

other crops which sustained their communities in times of drought and other environmental pressure 

they also developed an early writing system which used a combination of symbols and glyphs to represent words 

and ideas they developed an advanced calendar system based on 260-day and 

365-day solar 

Cycles in Greece during the year 356 BCE in the city of Pella in the Kingdom of 

Macedon the greatest commander in history was born Alexander the Great 

grew up knowing he would be a leader and was the son of King Philip II in Queen 

Olympia But the teacher was much more impressive since he was a kid Alexander 

was tutored by Aristotle Aristotle is the man who was known as the father of 

logic he created the fields of biology and taxonomy by introducing a way to 

think called the scientific method a method that is still taught in schools 

to this day he also wrote extensively about philosophy ethics and art changing 

the face of the world as we know it today this is the man who was in charge 

of teaching Alexander the Great Alexander was 20 when his father was assassinated but his excellent education 

allowed him to take over the rest of the world after his father died in 336 BCE 

Alexander was hellbent on keeping his family's power so when the Greek city of 

Thieves decided decided to revolt Alexander and his army marched 240 mi in 

14 days when thieves refused to surrender he raised the entire city to 

the ground and 6,000 were killed and the rest were sold into slavery the rest of 

the Greek city states recoiled in fear allowing Alexander to do as he pleased 

leaving for his new Target to be Persia and the new Persian king Darius III in 

333 3 BC Alexander faced the Persian army at the Battle of isus this 

significant engagement saw the Persian king Darius II defeated and forced to 

flee Alexander then captured several key cities including the vital Port of Ty 

which had resisted his initial Siege in 331 BC Alexander faced Darius iiii again 

at the Battle of goela near the Tigris River in modern day Iraq despite being 

outnumbered Alexander won a decisive Victory using Superior Tactics and 

Mobility the Persian army was shattered and Darius II fled once again Alexander 

then proceeded to capture the Persian capital of Babylon and took control of much of Mesopotamia he continued his 

campaign Eastward winning battles in what is now modern-day Iran and Afghanistan in 330 BC he captured the 

Persian capital of pepolis a city of great wealth and cultural significance 

but Alexander wasn't done he wanted to expand Eastward eventually crossing the 

Hindu Kush mountains into India however his troops grew tired of the Endless 

fighting and refused to go any further and Alexander was forced to turn 

back however after Alexander failed in the Indian subcontinent a Powerhouse 

emerged in India called the Moran Empire at its height it spanned over much of 

India Pakistan Bangladesh and Afghanistan however this conquering came 

at much of a cost for its leader Ashoka the great in 261 BC after the death of 

his parents Ashoka decided that his Empire needed to expand in his sights 

the kingdom of Kinga the war was Bloody the war was fierce over a 100,000 people 

died Ashoka couldn't sleep with himself he didn't know how to deal with his actions that resulted in so Much Death 

so he turned to the teaching of the Buddha under ashoka's rule the Moran Empire became known for supporting 

Buddhist teachings and promoting nonviolence Ashoka issued a series of edicts inscribed on rocks and pillars 

throughout the Empire that promoted principles such as kindness respect for all religions and the abolition of 

slavery certain traits were not shared in the west by Alexander 

in the west it was deemed honorable to die in combat and a hero's death would be remembered forever a farmer will die 

in anonymity Alexander died a few years later in Babylon at the age of 32 

throughout his expedition Alexander was spreading Greek ideas founded by his once wise teacher bringing the rise of 

Greek ideals across the land starting the seeds of the western cultures we see today day once Alexander died his Empire 

just could not sustain itself his generals feuded as to who should be the leader of this great Empire everyone 

wanted power yet in fighting left to waste an oblivion eventually in 323 BC 

after senseless Wars the Greek generals divided the world into three major 

Empires the toames in Egypt the solids in the East and the antigonids in Greece 

toames one of Alexander's generals LED Egypt into a period of prosperity 

inspiration by his former leader tmes built the Library of Alexandria a hub 

for an intellectual scholarship intellectuals from all over will come to the library to exchange ideas and 

thoughts throughout the world leaving us to have great philosophers like Plato and Aristotle to be the backbone of our 

culture while the general seusd was given the keys to the city of Babylon 

Babylon at this time was a cultural Hub melting Greek Persian Indian and Central 

Asian cultures cusd though preferred Greek ideas and Greek language the sald 

empire was at its height during the reign of King Antiochus III 223 BC to 

187 BC under King Antiochus III the solids encompassed a vast territory from 

modern-day turkey to modern-day Pakistan one of the largest Empires on record 

until the rise of the Romans while the antigonids did not have 

nearly as much success by the time antigonids the first took power the Greeks were just a shell of what they 

once were the age of the Greeks was behind us the dolmes the cusd and the 

antigonids went astray from the Roman Empire however for Rome to rise it had 

to face a powerful foe Carthage both Rome and Carthage had a desire for the 

same city state mesina on the island of Sicily this would give either 

civilization a foothold to grab power in the Mediterranean the first Punic War 

was upon us and after 20 years of fighting in the year 241 BCE and the 

defeat of Carthage the Treaty of lutus was signed the pece though was 

shortlived in 218 BCE the Second Punic Wars began when the carthesian general 

Hannibal invaded Italy with his army including elephants to conquer Rome 

Hannibal won several early battles including the Battle of K in 216 BCE 

still he was ultimately defeated by the Roman general cpio Africanus at the 

Battle of Zama in 202 BCE the war resulted in the complete defeat of 

Carthage which was forced to seed its territories to Rome and the end of the carthaginian Empire there was no doubt 

in the world anymore that it was time for the Romans to take charge in the 

west while in the East after the end of the Waring States period chin XI hang 

and the Chin Dynasty were an absolute power 221 BCE to 206 BCE chin was 

determined to turn diverse China into a unified Chinese Empire he divided the 

lands into 36 command areas supervised by a governor military commander and 

Imperial inspector it was expected that you followed the wheel of chin or else 

you would face harsh penalties the basic ideas of legalism in action strong 

government harsh laws and inheriting knowing that humans were necessarily 

selfish however their mandate from Heaven ran quite quickly after chin XI 

hang's death China was in turmoil with another Dynasty on foot L bang leader from 206 to 195 BCE 

after leading a revolt against the chin was declared emperor of the new Han Dynasty instead of following the strict 

legalistic mindset of the chin L decided to set his Empire as a confucianist 

paradise the ideals of moderation virtue and peity as set through Confucianism 

were marched throughout the Empire weaving the Cocoon of a powerful Dynasty 

during the Han Dynasty the production of silk was ever increasing and the idea of 

profits was in the minds of all so in 138 BCE Emperor Han Wu sent an imperial 

Convoy to make contact with cultures of Central Asia and the Mediterranean then 

after the routes were established Chinese merchants and Traders would bring their silk across the Silk Road to 

the Middle East and eventually Europe where it would be sold at high profits 

though in the beginning the rout was relatively short because in 97 BC 

Ambassador KH Ying was sent to Rome with gifts of silk for their empire however 

Khan only got As far as Mesopotamia because he was told by the parthians the 

dominant Empire in Iran at the time that the journey would take years little did 

Khan know that he was missing informed that the journey would have been relatively shorter but the parthians 

wanted to keep their spot as the middlemen they did not want China and Rome to have contact with one another 

creating a system of three Empires smooshed right up against each other Rome in the West parthians in the center 

and China in the east then in 86 BCE Greece already being 

weakened by the the conquest of Alexander the Great was now the target of the Roman Empire General Lucius 

Cornelius Sola LED an army of Legions to the Forefront of Athens he besieged 

Athens for several months brutally torturing the citizens within eventually 

when Athens fell he ordered his soldiers to loot and pillage the city destroying many important cultural Treasures this 

takeover cemented Rome as a superpower Athens no longer had the power but 

rather it was in Rome while in 63 BCE General pompe was 

tasked with capturing Jerusalem and the region of Galilee the Romans quickly 

captured the cities forcing Galilee to be placed under Roman rule including a 

small village called Nazareth the Romans desire to expand 

didn't end in Galilee though in 58 BCE Julius Caesar was appointed governor of 

the Roman Prov of cilene Gaul Northern Italy with the express assignment of 

Conquering the rest of the Gauls at the time the GS were a group of Celtic peoples who lived in that area that is 

now France Belgium and parts of Switzerland Germany and Italy however it 

was Caesar's job to take over these Celtic tribes while the GS who were insistent on their independence all had 

to work together under the leadership of verson jeder in a last ditch attempt to stop the Romans as Caesar brought his 

troops to Alesia in 52 BC war was upon us Alicia was surrounded by a double 

wall and a ditch with additional fortifications on the town's Hills vers and jeder had gathered a large force of 

gallic Warriors inside the town in contrast Caesar had assembled a sizable 

Roman army outside the walls Caesar realized that a direct assault on the 

town would be complex so he surrounded the G forces and starve them into submission he ordered the construction 

of a series of fortifications around Alicia including a circum Val wall that 

encircled the town and a second wall and ditch that faced outward to defend against any attempts to break out over 

several weeks Caesar's forces engaged in a grueling Siege of Alesia with both 

sides suffering heavy losses the G Warriors inside the town made several attempts to break out but they were 

repelled by the Roman forces the tide of the battle turned in favor of the Romans 

when a second gallic Army led by verson Jed's Ally commas attempted to relieve 

The Siege Caesar sent a Detachment of his forces to intercept the GIC 

reinforcements after a fierce battle the Roman soldiers emerged Victorious with 

his forces surrounded and facing starvation versen Jedis was forced to surrender he emerged from Alisia and 

offered himself as a prisoner to Caesar effectively ending the GIC resistance to 

Roman rule throughout the next 2 years Caesar crossed the GAC Empire conquering 

and implementing it into Rome the Galls were implemented into Rome even gaining 

citizenship within the 

Empire however the Senate was not happy with Caesar even though he had great 

success against the GS the Roman senate wanted him to stop they did not not like the popularity Caesar was gaining nor 

the power he was controlling so the Roman senate called upon Caesar to resign his command and disband his army 

or risk being declared An Enemy of the State this led Caesar to an essential 

choice to make will he either follow the wheel of the Roman senate or ignore them and start a bloody Civil War Roman law 

at the time prohibited any general from Crossing the Rubicon River and entering Mainland Italy with a standing army 

without the expressed permission of the Roman senate to do so would be treason 

and this tiny stream would reveal Caesar's intentions and mark the point of no return Civil War was imminent as 

Caesar and his army marched over the Rubicon battles in corinium and faralis 

showed the Senate that Caesar was a worthy foe so the Roman senate appointed his son-in-law Nas pompe to lead the 

Roman forces against his father-in-law both parties knew the importance of Spain due to it providing a link between 

Italy and the rest of Europe the two armies clashed near the town of L in northeastern Spain Caesar's Army was 

significantly outnumbered but he could use his Superior military tactics and training to gain the upper hand in the 

battle after several days of intense fighting Caesar emerged Victorious 

forcing Pomp's forces to retreat declaring Caesar as the new leader of 

Rome when Cesar made it back to Rome the crowds were chanting hail Caesar hail 

Caesar the people then decided that he would be the dictator of Rome for Life 

Caesar immediately set to work implementing a series of reforms and policies aimed at improving ordinary 

Romans lives and strengthening the central government's power he ordered the construction of new infrastructure 

such as roads Bridges and aqueducts which helped to connect different parts of the city and improve trade and 

commerce see also enacted a series of political and social reforms including 

granting citizenship to many people living in the Roman Empire and creating new laws and customs that were based on 

Roman practices he encouraged the spread of the Latin language and culture 

throughout the city and established the Julian calendar which is the basis of the calendar we use today however 

Caesar's Reign was shortlived because 2 years later in 44 BC he was stabbed to 

death by two loyal senators casassus and Brutus the assassination of Caesar led 

the Roman world into disarray the world was filled with factions vying for 

government control without a strong leader Octavian Caesar's son who was 18 

then came to Rome to claim his inheritance and assert his place in the political landscape he quickly aligned 

himself with Caesar's loyal Lieutenant mark Anthony together they defeated Caesar's assassins at the Battle of 

Philippi in 42 BCE however tensions soon arose between 

Octavian and Anthony as both men VI for control of the Roman Empire in 31 BCE 

their forces clashed in the naval battle of actium which resulted in Octavian emerging as the clear Victor Anthony 

fled to Egypt with his lover Cleopatra and the two committed suicide the following year with Anthony's defeat 

Octavian emerged as the Undisputed ruler of Rome in 27 BCE he was appointed 

Augustus and became the first Roman 

emperor during augustus's Reign a man who had changed the world was born in the Roman occupied city of Bethlehem 

Jesus Christ The Gospel of Luke says in those days a decree went out from Caesar 

Augustus that all all the world should be registered this was the first registration when cinius was governor of 

Syria and all went to be registered each to his own town Luke 2 1-3 this census 

was an essential factor in Roman society because it established the population counts in these various communities 

making it possible to tax these various citizens so the highly pregnant Mary and her betrothed husband Joseph had to 

travel 90 mil on foot from Nazareth to Bethlehem to complete this legally 

required Roman census when they arrived in Bethlehem many other descendants of 

the king of David or members of the Jewish faith were also going to Bethlehem for the census they found out 

that there was no room for them in the Inn so they were forced to take shelter in a stable where Mary gave birth to 

Jesus Jesus was later named King of the Jews after Jesus's birthday and the 

completion of the census Mary and Joseph returned to Nazareth with their extraordinary son as the years of Jesus 

went on stories about him grew more and more followers began to worship Jesus as 

their Messiah they claimed that he can catch an endless amount of fish they claim that he can cure the Blind and 

they claimed that he was the son of God so these followers specifically his disciples started to write down his 

entire life Journey four of his closest disciples Matthew Mark Luke and John 

wrote down the main chunks of the book in these parts called gospels each of 

these gospels covered almost all of the same events The Narrative life of Jesus Christ this narrative testimony of a 

child born in a stable changed the world 

forever even though many loved Jesus some viewed him as a threat Emperor 

Tiberius succeeded Augustus and reigned from 14 ad to 37 ad Tiberius was 

Notorious for his delors a network of informants rewarded for spying and 

Reporting on suspected traitors and criminals criminals reported on by the deletors had to face a treason trial 

often resulting in executions or forced suicides his prefect of Judea at the 

time Pontius Pilate was no stranger to the harsh punishment of traitors as 

Jesus was influencing more and more people he became more of a polit iCal threat so following the guidelines of 

Emperor Tiberius pilate was given no practical political Choice other than to 

execute Jesus on the cross Roman law was evident then one must follow the 

emperor's will or else they will perish as Jesus was crucified on the cross a 

new religion was born Christianity in the beginning 

Christianity was just a small sect of Judaism nevertheless it's growth would 

be unparalleled Paul of Taurus would take 

the word of his chosen Lord across the known World from Greece to Turkey to 

Syria the word of Jesus Christ spread his missionary Tales are now documented 

in the New Testament as the book of Acts the more Paul went to different places 

the more followers he gained on the same token it created more enemies The Divide 

between monotheism and polytheism was on On The Rise it was beginning to get a 

lot tougher for Romans to accept a religious population that didn't believe in Gods like Mars and Jupiter so when 

the Great Fire of Rome occurred in July of 64 ad Emperor Nero quickly blamed it 

on the Christians the great fire was an event that destroyed 2/3 of the city of 

Rome so in order to pay for these massive repairs Nero instituted heavy 

tributes across the Empire to meet at at least a proportion of the costs nuro 

also started to print more Roman currency creating an inflationary effect for the first time in the Empire's 

history however the individuals who lived under Roman rule which wasn't in Rome proper were obset by this new 

policy so in the holy city of Jerusalem in 66 ad a Revolt was on at first the 

first Jewish Revolt succeeded and the Jewish forces quickly expelled the unprepared Roman army then the rebels 

gained some Traction in the neighboring villages in Galilee in response the Roman Emperor nuro sent the general 

Vespasian to meet the Jewish forces an Endeavor that pushed most Rebels into 

Jerusalem proper by the time Vespasian was proclaimed emperor in 69 CE then 

around Passover in 70 AD vazan and his forces sieged the city depleting it of 

food and water within the walls of Jerusalem the Jews started to quarrel within leaving them more vulnerable to 

attack by August the Romans breached the defenses killed much of the population 

and destroyed many of their holy sites with the Jews decimated the strength of 

polytheism lived long then in '98 to 117 ad under Emperor 

Tran the Roman Empire was able to expand its greatest territorial extent spanning 

all the way from modern-day Britain to the Persian Gulf Roman rule was 

everywhere well except for in the Americas because the Romans didn't even know they existed in the Americas we can 

see the growth of various civilizations across the Andes located in modern-day Peru in Chile the Mochi civilization was 

able to build Monumental structures like the wacad Del Soul and wadel Luna 

impressive pyramids that were the center of their religions they also created 

Advanced fertilization techniques that used bird droppings as fertilizer their 

highly centralized government made everyone know their place in society while a little bit more south 

the NASA civilization is one enthralled in mystery the people of NASA created a 

series of large scale geoglyph consisting of hundreds of individual figures including geometric shapes 

animals and humanlike figures by removing the dark reddish brown iron oxide coated Pebbles covering the 

surface of the NASA desert these lines are now called NASA lines the purpose of 

which is still unknown to this day and subject to conspiracy theory 

today around 100 AD the Zap Attack started establishing Monty Alban their 

Capital it was one of the first examples of urban planning in the Americas the 

city was laid out in a grid pattern with main roads and smaller side streets leading to plazas and public buildings 

the city was also divided into different districts each with specialized functions such as residential 

administrative and religious leaving it to be in use for a thousand years after 

[Music] that while back in Rome after the the 

end of Tran's reign in 117 ad a new emperor with a purpose was in hand 

hadrien was a man tasked with a near impossible keeping the massive Roman 

empire under one rule he first had to deal with a crisis with the newly colonized Roman Britain like their 

predecessors in Judea the Roman Brits did not like being Roman so they started 

to cause unrest and in the eyes of hadrien a real threat of Revolution was 

on his mind so Adrien had ordered a massive wall aptly named Hadrian's Wall 

which spanned almost Coast to Coast keeping it sunk in the conquered people's minds that the Romans were here 

staving off revolution in one region however in Galilee things weren't as 

peaceful Simon bar kba led a rebellion of the Jewish people to free themselves 

from Roman rule as you see Rome was developing a new city called Alia 

capitolina over the ruins of jerus Jem from the last Revolt with temples dedicated to polytheistic Gods like 

Jupiter by 132 baroka took the bottle of Nai head of state many Jews regarded him 

as the Messiah who would save the Jewish people and restore their independence kba's troops would storm Ilia capitalina 

almost knocking out entirely the Roman Garrison controlling the city hadrien though would not have it so he sent a 

force of 120,000 men to the lands of Judea to conquer and 

force the Jewish people into submission as casassus Doo says in the history of 

Rome 50 of their most important outposts and 985 of their most famous villages 

were raised 580,000 men were slain in the various raids and battles and the 

number of those that perished by famine disease and fire was past finding out 

thus nearly the whole of Judea was made desolate History of Rome 

6914 1:2 Rome made it clear that it was not to be taken 

lightly while in China the message was quite different the ideas of Buddhism 

were spreading along with the Chinese philosophies of Confucianism and taism 

and built a dynasty these three philosophies work together to make the Han Dynasty stronger and more united in 

many ways while in America the Mayan Architects went across Northern petan and designed 

a series of short broad temples with wide staircases flanked by enormous stucco masks these stucco masks were 

made of plaster and some burned and powdered Limestone the Mayans built these Stone armatures into elaborate 

deity faces to capture the soul of the Gods and bring it to the people a temple 

like the E7 sub yes is historians named Mayan temples like military submarines 

is a pyramid with 16 stucco masks each allows us to go deeper into the souls of 

these deities of the past in the Middle East a new Empire was 

emerging with roots in the past a man named artier claimed to have Royal Blood 

that traced all the way back to Cyrus the Great artier claimed that he should be the true ruler of the Persian Empire 

not those frauds of the parthians ardashir was able to unite the various tribes of Persia in 224 ad ardashir I 

led his forces against the Parian King artabanus I in a significant battle at 

hergon the cenan forces known for their Cavalry defeated the parthians and 

captured artabanus I with this Victory arir I declared himself King and 

established the sesanian Empire arir I quickly established a centralized 

government and built a new capital at tfon on the Tigris River he reestablished the Zoro asrian religion 

which had been suppressed by the parthians as the Empire's official religion he also built a powerful 

military machine with skilled Cavalry and archers he began to expand his 

territory by conquering neighboring regions as the parthians were on their 

way out so were the Han the Han Dynasty's downfall was marked by political instability economic problems 

external threats internal rebellions and power struggles the weakening of central 

Authority allowed Regional Warlords to seize power and the government's attempts to address economic issues were 

unsuccessful external threats and rebellions weakened the dynasty even further a warlord named sa declared 

himself Emperor and established the Whey Dynasty officially ending the Han 

Dynasty while back in Rome Emperor Diocesan 284 to 305 faced a problem Rome 

was becoming too large and impossible to manage so Diocesan created the tetr and 

divided the region into four where each region was governed by a separate Emperor within the tetrarchy there were 

two types of Emperors August and Caesars Diocesan chose maximan to be 

his equal to Augustus in contrast galleris and constantius were appointed 

to be Caesars however this system created uncontrolled chaos and Anarchy 

each Emperor had desires for power and ambition and it all came to a head in 

305 when power shifted both Diocesan and maximan retired and in 306 constantius 

died three out of the four original leaders were left out of the system 

leading to a power vacuum to come emperor Constantine the Great was appointed by his father's Army util 

laterally as an Augustus and a Caesar at the same time to replace his father at 

the same time maximan son maxentius felt as though he should have been appointed Caesar instead of alarus seus so in 307 

maxentius sent his army and force valerious seus to surrender come 308 

galleris appointed linius to replace him so on the west side of Rome two Emperors 

wanted to rule Constantine ruled over Gaul and Britain and maxentius ruled 

Italy and North Africa maxentius had a difficult time consolidating his power 

and he faced increasing resistance from the people of Rome to try and secure his 

hold on power maxentius ordered the construction of a new Bridge across the 

Tyber river near Rome known as the Milan Bridge Constantine saw maxentius as a 

threat to his power so he decided to march on Rome to confront him as the two 

armies approached each other near the milvian bridge Constantine had a vision of a cross in the sky with the words in 

this sign conquer some accounts suggest that this Vision may have been a dream or a hallucination While others suggest 

that it may have been a sign from God not regardless of the nature of the vision Constantine took it as a sign 

that he would be victorious in battle if he fought under the sign of the Christian cross he had his soldiers 

paint the symbol on their Shields and Banners and he went into battle with renewed Vigor and confidence the battle 

was fierce and brutal with both sides suffering heavy losses maxentius had a 

larger Army but his troops were spread out and disorganized Constantine was able to take advantage of this and he 

was able to push maxentius forces back towards the Tyber River in the chaos of 

the retreat maxentius was forced off the Milan bridge and into the water where he 

drowned shortly after his victory Constantine met linius at mediolanum 

modern Milan to confirm several political and dynastic arrangements to produce the Edict of Milan this edict 

gave power for Eastern Rome to the cineus and Constantine's Soul power of 

the West more importantly though this document extended religious tolerance for Christians and restored any 

properties confiscated from them during the persecution however the peaceful 

coexistence of both rulers was shortlived though the edict allowed for the safety of Christians the cineas was 

still very much a paganist their differences started to grow all came near the city of copoulos in 324 ad 

where both armies went and fought Constantine's military might was on display he was able to force the Eastern 

Roman army towards the sea leaving many to be killed or captured Constantine was 

declared the sole leader of Rome and linius was declared dead by hanging he 

renamed the Eastern Roman capital from bizantium to Constantinople to celebrate 

his victory then in 325 ad Constantine presided over the First Council of niia 

when the 300 Bishops established the now famous nice Creed which declared that 

Jesus Christ was begotten not made and of one substance with the father 

Constantine was finally baptized as a Christian on his deathbed in 337 

ad come 370 ad a new player was on the scenes the Huns were a barbaric nomadic 

civilization who were masters of warfare according to Legends they were taught 

horsemanship as early as the age of three also they would attack their own with a sword to teach them how to endure 

pain these people weren't to be messed lightly with when they crossed the vulga river and 370 on their horses and lusted 

for blood the Allen civilization didn't stand much chance 2 years later they 

attacked the Oster Goths an Eastern tribe of Germanic Goths who harassed the Roman Empire by frequently attacking 

their territories by 376 the Huns had attacked the vizag Goths the Western 

tribe of Goths and forced them to seek Sanctuary within the Roman Empire as the 

Huns dominated goth and visigoth lands they earned a new reputation as the new 

Barbarians in town and seemed Unstoppable by 395 ad they began 

invading Roman domains and some Roman Christians believed they were devils who 

arrived Straight From Hell the reason they started invading 

Rome was because of the death of theodosius the great his shining achievement as Emperor was keeping the 

Goths and the Huns at Bay but on death he decided to follow the ideas of 

Diocesan and split the Empire up again splitting up control between his two 

sons arcadius in the East and honorius in the west making theodosius the last 

leader of United Rome with honorius in charge the 

incapable general made Western Rome an easy target to be bullied the Visigoths 

looking for a new place to live had their eyes set on Rome so throughout the early 410s the Visigoths rans sacked 

various Roman cities then on August 24th 410 the Visigoths sacked Rome taking 

control of this historic City it was the first time in nearly 800 years that a 

foreign army occupied the city of Rome however the Visigoths couldn't maintain 

control of Rome instead they continued to ransack Roman territories until they 

established their Kingdom in 418 in modern-day 

Spain while the prospects of existence weren't so much better in eastern Rome 

the notorious Atilla the Hun was gaining power and his brutal tactics called him the scorge of God after a failed peace 

attempt in 441 Atilla and his army stormed through the Balkans and the 

danan frontier another peace treaty was forged in 442 but a Tilla attacked again 

in 443 killing ransacking and pillaging his way to the well fortified city of 

Constantinople however due to constantinople's high walls AA couldn't conquer it instead Atilla was able to 

muster another peace agreement he would leave Constantin Noble alone in exchange 

for an annual tribute of 2,100 lb of gold a staggering sum then in 451 the 

Huns invaded the Gauls allowing the once enemies of the Visigoths and the Romans 

to wise up and work together to fight the Huns according to Legend the night before the imminent battle AA consulted 

sacrificed bones and saw that thousands of his army would fall in the fight the 

next day his reminition came true in the battle of the catalonian Plains after 

hours of ferocious fighting tens of thousands of soldiers lay dead giving 

Atilla his first and only military defeat in history however even after the 

loss Atilla and his army marched on and returned to Italy continuously ravaging 

the cities in 452 with Roman sight he met Pope Leo I who acted as an emissary 

between Atilla and Rome there's no record of what they discussed still according to Legend the apparitions of 

St Paul and St Peter appear to Atilla they threatened to kill him if he didn't negotiate with Pope Leo the first Atilla 

decided to pull out of Italy and return to the great Hungarian plane whether because of his fear of the Pope and his 

saintly allies or because of his troops were stretched too thin and weakened by 

malaria however the struggle for Western Rome wasn't over in 476 ad the young 

Emperor Romulus Augustus had trouble keeping power for himself as many Romans 

felt he was illegitimate so the Eastern Roman Empire sent the Germanic General ooser and his mercenaries to suppress a 

Revolt by the Roman army in the region however instead of supporting the Eastern Roman Empire oder saw an 

opportunity to seize power for himself he turned to against the Roman government and deposed the last Western 

Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus effectively marking the end of the 

Western Roman Empire as the steps of his victory oder was declared the king of 

Italy however odis's victory was shortlived because in 493 theodoric the 

great of the ostrogoths with the support of Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno came in 

and created the ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy so sending oder to meet his 

fate while Europe was in the Crux of a Dark Age India under the Gupta Empire 

was in a mathematical Golden Age great mathematicians like Brahma Gupta started 

using zero as a placeholder and as various solutions for mathematical equations the astronomer arabada was 

able to calculate the circumference of the earth he proved the world was round long before it was globally accepted 

arabat was also able to develop methods for calculating pi and square roots 

however his crowning achievement was creating the concept of an asymptote which is a line that approaches the 

curve but never touches it the Franks under Clovis the had been 

engaged with the alamani another dramatic tribe and tensions between the 

two groups were running high in 496 ad in the Battle of tolak Clovis the first 

led his forces into battle against the alamani with both sides eager to gain 

the upper hand in the ongoing struggle for power and territory as the alamani 

began to push the Franks to defeat in a moment of desperation Clovis called out 

to the Christian God for assistance promising to convert to Christianity if he emerged Victorious according to 

Legend a sudden thunderstorm appeared and the Franks could regroup and launch 

a successful Counterattack against the alamani the battle ended in a decisive 

victory for the Franks and Clovis kept his promise and converted to Christianity officially cementing 

Christianity to the Forefront and birthing the Frankish 

Kingdom while the Western Roman Empire might have fallen in the East the Roman 

Empire was changing many historians argue that the Eastern Roman Empire based out of con stantinople should be 

considered a part of Rome however it is undeniable that under Justinian the 

would lead the eastern half into its next chapter in life the Byzantine 

Empire whether it's a continuation of the Roman Empire before is a debate for 

another under under the leadership of Justinian the like many Roman emperors 

before him he would expand the Byzantine Empire to reach places such as Italy 

North Africa and even in Spain he also commissioned a team of legal Scholars to 

codify all the laws of the Roman Empire known as the Corpus jurist civilist 

which became the basis of the European laws we know today he also commissioned 

the world-renowned hegia Sophia in Constantinople where this beautiful cathedral adorned with intricate mosaics 

and marble decorations became the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church 

[Music] however Jesus wasn't the only Prophet at 

the time in the small town of Mecca a nomadic tribe called The KES gave birth 

to a man who would change the religious world yet again Muhammad Muhammad was 

orphaned at an early age and was raised by his grandfather and later his uncle 

as he grew up he worked as a merchant which earned him the nickname Alami 

meaning the trustworthy on one of his pilgrimages in 610 Muhammad meditated in 

a cave on Mount jabal I the angel Gabriel appeared and relayed the word of 

God recite in the name of your lord who creates creates a man from a clot recite 

for your lord is most generous became the opening verses of Surah chapter 96 

of the Quran at first Muhammad was reluctant not knowing how to disclose 

this information however soon enough Muhammad began to gather a small following which was mocked by the pagans 

of Mecca however when Muhammad denounced idol worship the leader of Mecca knew 

that he was through so through the resistance from Mecca Muhammad and his followers were eventually forced to 

immigrate to Medina a city 260 M away there Muhammad was instrumental in 

ending various Civil Wars creating a prosper Muslim Community nevertheless this 

Prosperity would be challenged by the members of Muhammad's old tribe the Kur 

and their allies who marched up to Medina with a large army to attack the Muslims Muhammad devised a plan that 

they could defend the city if they dug a trench around its perimeter making it near impossible for enemy forces to 

penetrate for several weeks The KES tried to break through the trench trying 

and trying yet again eventually strong wind and heavy rain caused The KES 

forces to abandon The Siege marking the Muslims as victorious in 6:30 the Muslim 

Army marched into Mecca taking the city with minimum casualties Muhammad gave 

amnesty to the enemy leaders who once opposed him converting most of the meccan population to 

Islam at the time of Muhammad's death the Muslims had successfully United the 

Arabian peninsula under the banner of Islam after Muhammad's death a series of 

cffs or leaders took over the leadership of the Muslim Community beginning with 

Abu Bakr a close companion of the Prophet under the leadership of the cffs 

the Muslim Community continued to expand its territory conquering new lands and 

spreading The Message of Islam at first akub Baker had his eye set on the Byzantine Empire's provinces of Syria 

taking over The crucial cities of Damascus and Jerusalem then in 636 the 

Arab forces invaded the assassinate Empire taking over their capital city in 

637 marking the end of the assassinate Empire onward to Egypt they went where 

after a years of fighting they successfully defeated the Byzantine to take over the city of Alexandria in 642 

ad economically crippling the byzantines by 7:16 the Arab for forces had 

conquered much of North Africa Carthage and Spain so that by 

716 the Arabs had an extensive Empire from Lisbon to 

China after consolidating their hold on the Iberian Peninsula the Arabs launched 

raids into neighboring frania modern-day France in 732 ad they launched a 

significant Invasion to expand their territory northward the Arabs forces led 

by Amir Abdul ran alaiki quickly conquered several cities in the region 

including Bordeaux and tours however Charles Martell the military leader of the Franks assembled a large army to 

meet the Arabs in battle the battle of Christianity versus Islam both Empires 

wanted to keep their own faith the Arabs wanted to impose their religion onto the Franks the two forces clashed near tours 

on October 10th 732 ad the battle was Fierce and lasted several days with both 

sides suffering heavy casualties in the end though Charles Martell and the Franks emerged Victorious and the Arab 

forces were forced to retreat back to Spain ending the massive expansion of 

the Arabic [Music] 

Empire while in the west the definition of God was War in China during the rule 

of the Tang religions like Buddhism taoism and Confucianism all coexisted 

peacefully a citizen was able to believe what they wanted to believe leaving for many temples and pagodas to be built 

across the Empire also during the Tang the height of Chinese poetry was Upon Us 

poets like Leo and dfu created poems that later became the foundations of 

Chinese literature leeo wrote a poignant poem called zenzen on the Ching thing 

Mountain translated by Sam Hamill the birds have vanished down the sky now the 

last Cloud drains away we sit together the mountain in me until only the 

mountain remains Charlamagne also known as 

Charles the great became the king of the Franks in 768 Charlemagne was a skilled 

military leader who expanded the Frankish Empire through successful campaigns he conquered much of Western 

Europe including modern-day France Germany Italy and Spain Charlemagne was 

also a devout Christian and worked to spread Christianity throughout his 

Empire in 785 Haron was declared caleff instead of focusing onc conquering like 

his Brethren he instead focused on the scientific growth in the new capital city of Baghdad Heron Al rashed wanted 

to create the House of Wisdom a library and Research Center that attracted Scholars from around the world these 

Scholars would come to the house of wisdom with a desire to learn they've translated The Works of the past as well 

as developing the science of algebra chemistry sociology and the concept of 

infinity while the Vikings had a different idea of progress the Vikings 

were a group of uncivilized pagans from modern-day Scandinavia who wanted to gain material wealth so June 8th 793 3 

ad marked the beginning of the Viking age in Europe lindis far was a small 

isolated island off the Northeast Coast of England that was home to a famous monastery and considered one of Europe's 

most important centers of learning on the day of the raid a group of Viking warriors likely from Norway or Denmark 

landed on the island and attacked the monastery the Vikings pillaged the monastery killing many monks and taking 

others as slaves The Raid was a brutal and unexpected attack on a place of 

great religious and cultural significance and it sent shock waves throughout 

Europe in 799 in Rome Pope Leo III was attacked by a faction of Rome who 

believed that the pope was guilty of tyranny and serious personal misconduct so Pope Leo III ran away to the Frankish 

Kingdom after this Charlamagne and his Frank Army provided an escort for the 

pope and restored him to the papal office but yet the power of the papacy 

was being questioned with many people wanting it to go away which caused Charlemagne to go to Rome in late 800 to 

fight for his Pope for his loyalty on Christmas day in the Basilica of St 

Peter Pope Leo III placed a crown on Charlemagne's head declaring him the new 

Holy Roman Emperor creating a new Roman Empire the Holy Roman Empire or at least 

the first rendition of it under Charlemagne the foundations of a genuinely great empire were forming but 

once Charlemagne died in 814 the new Empire was bludgeoning with 

problems his son Lewis the P 788 to 840 inherited an Empire filled with problems 

many of his own citizens viewed him as a strong Catholic who was well-intentioned but was incredibly weak and unable to do 

anything as the Vikings continued their raids along the Ry River attacking Holy 

Roman Empire cities such as cologne Trier and Mains raiding various Catholic 

monasteries and destroying religious artifacts caused fear and hatred among 

his citizens why would anyone trust a leader if they can't stop barbaric 

pagans so various localad leaders started to focus on defending their land 

rather than relying on the central government for defense hence beginning the process of independently recreating 

the Chinese system of feudalism at this time people would willingly Farm on 

lands giving up their freedom to these local leaders to protect them from the Vikings creating the basis of a new 

system of feudalism while the Holy Roman Empire might have been fighting with the 

Vikings and the byzantines were fighting with the Arabs in 820 a group of Arab 

Raiders landed on the island of CIT over the next several years Arab forces 

gradually gained control of the island overcoming the resistance of the Byzantine Defenders the conquest was 

completed in 827 and cre became part of the Arab Empire the conquest of Sicily 

and Sardinia followed a similar pattern in 827 a large Arab Fleet landed on 

Sicily and Arab forces quickly gained control control of much of the island they then moved on to Sardinia which 

fell to the Arab Invaders In 828 in the Holy Roman Empire once Lewis 

the pi died in 840 ad so did the Charlemagne Empire the infighting 

between family members grew leading to the Holy Roman Empire being divided between three family members in the 

famous Treaty of Verdun in the west the formation of the West Frankish kingdom 

was given to charlamagne's grandson Charles the bald in modern-day France in 

the East the East Frankish kingdom was given to another grandson Lewis the 

German which was obviously settled in modern-day Germany while the Middle 

Kingdom was given to charlamagne's eldest son loair however being squeezed 

in between the West and East Frankish kingdoms gave the Middle Kingdom a short 

lifespan and was practically irrelevant the Vikings weren't just a 

problem for Mainland Europe they were pillaging everything in Mainland England so in 871 the new king of Wessex Alfred 

the Great Rose to power with one thing in mind keeping everyone safe Alfred 

built a network of fortifications known as burs designed to protect his people from Viking attacks he also developed 

new military tactics and strategies and fostered alliances with other Anglo-Saxon 

kingdoms unlike in Great Britain though the Vikings were actually invited to 

Russia according to Russian Legend the tribes in Russia were tired of dealing with political Strife so they invited 

the varangians a sect of Vikings to establish order and a government over there hence Ruck came with his two 

brothers to the city of nav garad and using the Vikings famous Force they were 

able to establish order in the city declaring rurick as their new king creating the Kean Rost Dynasty under the 

military leadership of OLG one of The ruric Kingsmen the Kean rou started establishing smolin and Kev in 

modern-day Ukraine creating the Forefront of Russia 

today while back in England expanding upon his grandfather Alfred the Great's 

Alliance network athlan was declared king of Essex athlan was able to get all 

the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to work together to fend off the Vikings of the British Isles he was declared to be the 

first king of England due to his ability to navigate alliances and keep everyone 

safe beginning one of the longest monarchies in human history while the East Frankish kingdom 

was facing a similar problem the Pagan magars were attacking everyone across 

the kingdom leaving the kingdom to live in fear however King Otto of the East 

Frankish Empire was able to defeat the pesky magars at the Battle of lechfeld 

in 955 then in 961 he could fully conquer 

all of the kingdoms of Italy restoring christiandom to all the former pagans so 

in 962 Otto the was coronated to Pope John the 12th in Rome to be the new Holy 

Roman Emperor in France though the West Frankish kingdom was struggling because 

in 987 King Louis V a direct descendant of of Charlemagne died at age 20 without 

leaving an heir to take over their Dynasty leaving the French monarchy in Peril so the French aristocracy had an 

election between Hugh CIT a noble with extensive lands in the region of is Def France and Charles Duke of lower 

Lorraine with the support of Adel Barrow the Archbishop of ROMs Hugh capit became 

the first king of France starting the capian dynasty 

[Music] however at this time the typical person 

in Europe was always living in fear every civilization was on the verge of conquering they've all become land 

hungry and were willing to fight for it so across Europe at this time every civilization started to entrench their 

society in the ideas of feudalism leading to another social pyramid at the 

bottom lay the Surfs their job was to farm the land and ensure everyone was fed then came the Knight Who provided 

protection for the people then came the Nobles who ruled over a specific territory owning the land then came the 

Kings as previously mentioned who gave lands to the Nobles but all the way at 

the top was the pope because the pope could speak directly to God and had God 

given ownership of all the lands in the early 11th century leaf 

Ericson was sent on a voyage to discover lands west of Greenland if you look at a 

map West of Greenland is the Americas so leaf and his crew ventured to this new 

mystical land called Vinland in modern-day New Finland Canada leaf and 

his crew spent the winter in Vinland establishing a small settlement and trading with the local indigenous people 

they also explored the surrounding area which they found rich and natural resources including Timber Fish and Game 

LEF and his crew returned to to Greenland in the spring where they were greeted as Heroes for discovering new 

lands little did Leaf know that he discovered a new continent for his European 

[Music] people though significantly less is known about the Americas some historians 

believe that at the time a similar type of expansion happened in the American continent like in Europe sadly we just 

don't have the historical records from this unique period we know that the Mayans down in South America were 

building the impressive cities of tikl pen and chich chinitza having a 

population of anywhere between 2 and 10 million we also know that there were 

various tribes across the north including the Cherokee the Navajo and the Inuits the Inuits are most likely to 

have interacted with Leaf's Fleet while back in Europe in the holy 

city of Jerusalem laid the very famous Church the Church of the Holy Sepulchre 

according to Christian belief this church was built on the day Jesus was crucified and resurrected however in 

1009 ad Arab Calif al-hakim ordered the destruction of this sacred holy site all 

of the Sacred sites were destroyed leaving them completely annihilated when the news reached Europe Christians were 

horrified Pope sergius IV sent a circular letter to all churches 

calling for a holy fight in the Middle East and the expulsion of Muslims from the holy 

land but yet the Arabs of the abised caliphate would actually be expelled by 

another before Jerusalem the salic Turks a Central Asian turkic people of the 

Muslim faith were beginning to grow their empire in 1055 they took over the 

abised caliphate capital city of Baghdad the suic Turks initially respected the 

califf but the took over the city over time in 1076 they captured Medina 

followed the next year by the capturing of Mecca the holiest city in 

[Music] Islam due to this the Muslim world wasn't ready for Pope Urban II at the 

Council of Claremont in 1095 to call upon all Christians to take up arms and 

Liberate the holy land from Muslim rule the pope promised spiritual rewards and forgiveness of 

sins to those who joined the Crusade and many Knights Nobles and peasants were 

inspired to take up the cause many European Nobles such as Godfrey of Boolean to lose boheman of Toranto and 

Robert of Flanders brought their armies from Europe on their journey to Jerusalem while the Christians were 

United the Muslims were divided and unable to put up a strong defense against the Crusaders hence the 

Christians took over the county of adessa in 1098 and finally the holy city 

of Jerusalem in 1099 however the Crusade wasn't done in 

1144 the Muslim forces led by Turkish ruler Ahmad ad dzeni launched a Siege 

against adessa the city was poorly defended and the Crusaders could not resist the Muslim forces for long after 

a Siege of several weeks the city was breached and the Muslim forces overran the city killing or enslaving much of 

the population but the Christians weren't happy with that so in 1147 the 

massive armies of Europe came back with attempts to free adessa the Crusaders 

faced significant logistical challenges including shortages of food and supplies 

they were also plagued by infighting and political rivalries which called The Campaign to be in ruin after the 

disastrous loss of the battle of knob in 1149 which resulted in the capture of 

King Lou iith and the loss of much of the Crusader 

Army while the Christians and Muslims were fighting the Hindus in the Chim empire under King suarin II built a 

fantastic Temple for the Hindu god Vishnu called the Anor watt Vishnu is an 

important God in Hinduism known as the preserver and protector of the universe he has 10 incarnations or avatars and is 

often depicted as having blue skin and holding four objects as you approach Anor wat you are greeted by a massive 

moat and a grand entrance gate adorned with intricate carvings of mythological creatures and deities the main Temple 

Rises like a towering mountain with intricate carvings and reliefs that tell the stories of Hindu mythology and the 

history of the Chim Empire the Temple's galleries are lined with stunning bass reliefs depicting scenes of battles 

ceremonies and daily life in ancient Cambodia at the heart of the complex is 

the central Sanctuary a massive pyramid-like structure surrounded by smaller temples and Courtyards the 

sanctuary is considered the most sacred part of the temple adorned with intricately carved statues and images of 

Hindu gods and goddesses it was an incredible feat of human 

uity but yet in 1187 the Muslim Commander from Egypt saladine became fed 

up with the Christian rule of Jerusalem so he declared a holy war across the Muslim World in order to reconquer 

Jerusalem from the Christians the battle occurred on a scorching hot day in the 

Hills near the Sea of Galilee saladin's forces numbered around 20,000 the 

crusaders had a much smaller force of around 12,000 Knights soldiers and 

civilians under the aptly named King King guy the battle began with skirmishes between the two sides but 

soon escalated into a fullscale engagement saladin's forces could use 

their Superior Cavalry to encircle the Crusaders who could not break through the Muslim lines the Heat and thirst 

soon took a toll on the Crusaders who were weakened and disoriented the Muslim 

forces took advantage of the situation they launched a fierce attack breaking through the Crusader lines and capturing 

many Knights King guy and a small group of knights were able to escape the battlefield still the majority of the 

Crusader Army was destroyed the loss of the battle was a severe blow to the 

Christian forces in the region and it paved the way for saladin's conquest of 

Jerusalem but the Christians weren't going to allow that so guess what happened another Crusade this time the 

three most powerful monarchs at the time Emperor Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire King Richard I of England and 

King Philip II of France sent their best armies to reconquer the holy city of 

Jerusalem however all the force in the world couldn't retake Jerusalem from the 

grips of saladine leaving the Third Crusade to be a 

failure genus was was born to a mother kidnapped by his father and forced into 

the marriage Legend holds that he came into this world clutching a blood clot in his right hand before he turned 10 

his father was poisoned to death by an enemy Clan genus's Clan then deserted 

him his mother and his six siblings to avoid having to feed them however he 

soon began to make friends with the other clans throughout the Mongolian Mountain Side by 1206 he had United all 

the various tribes uniting 1 million people for the time Gus was quite 

Progressive he made it illegal to sell and kidnap women banish the idea of enslavement of any Mongol and even 

allowed freedom of religion when it came to war though genas was as barbaric as 

the next one his first campaign was against the shisha Kingdom in 129 his 

army of mostly cavalrymen on horses quickly outnumbered and destroyed the kingdom his next Target was the Jin 

Dynasty in China from 1211 to 1214 the outnumbered Mongols ravaged the 

countryside causing food shortages resulting in the xinn Army killing tens of thousands of their own peasants just 

so their Elites could live in 1214 the Mongols besieged the capital of zangu 

now Beijing and burnt it to the ground in the early 13th century King JN was 

facing increasing pressure from his Barons who were demanding greater rights and protections under the law in 

response to their demands JN agreed to meet with the Barons and negotiate a settlement the result of these 

negotiations was the Magna Carta a document that set out a series of rights 

and freedoms that the king could not violate among these rights were the right to a fair trial the right to due 

process of law and the right to be protected from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment the Magna Carta also 

established the principle of habius Corpus which required the the government to produce a prisoner in court and 

provide a lawful reason for their detention this principle has been a Cornerstone of modern legal systems 

around the world then in 1217 there was another 

Crusade this time led by King Andrew II of Hungary and Duke Leopold v 6 of 

Austria with the same goal in mind to take over Jerusalem the Crusaders 

successfully captured the city of damietta and 12 129 but they could not Advance further into Egypt after a 

series of setbacks including capture and imprisonment of many Crusaders the Christian forces were forced to abandon 

their campaign in Egypt the Crusaders eventually agreed to a treaty with the Muslim forces allowing them to leave 

Egypt unharmed but without achieving their ultimate goal genas Khan wasn't done though in 

1219 went to war against the quer Empire in present day Turkmenistan usbekistan 

Afghanistan and Iran during his raids the Mongol hord swept through one city 

after another taking over the likes of burara samarin and Erin skilled workers 

such as carpenters and Jewelers were usually saved while Aristocrats and resisting soldiers were killed unskilled 

workers meanwhile were often used as human Shields during the next assault no one knows with any certainty how many 

many people died during gask Khan's Wars in part because the Mongols propagated 

their vicious image as a way of spreading Terror at gask Khan's death he 

controlled a massive territory from the Sea of Japan to the Caspian Sea however 

even more impressively around 8% of the men in South Asia descend from genas 

khon today in 1228 Emperor Frederick II of 

the Holy Roman Empire tried to conquer the holy land but failed ending the 

sixth Crusade of course the Holy Roman Empire couldn't be the only one crusading king Lou the 9th of France in 

1248 decided to start the seventh crusade to retake Jerusalem but he was 

taken prisoner by the Muslims and forced to pay a hefty Ransom as he retreated 

however that didn't deter King Louis the 9th because in 1270 he was at it again 

trying to to free Jerusalem from the grips of Muslim rule but this time he 

died of dissenter once King Louis VI 9th died his troops retreated creating the 

eighth and final time there was a crusade in England though in 1295 

England was making a diplomatic Headway in a letter summoning Parliament King Edward the wrote since the most 

righteous law of the Emperors ordains that what touches all should be approved by all so it appears that common dangers 

should be met by remedies agreed upon in common as King Edward I would then 

request a tenth of the incomes of Nobles and an 11th of the income of knights 

creating one of the first parliaments we would see in the New 

Age while Down in Africa a leader of extravagant wealth manam Musa was 

gaining power on his famous Haj a religious Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca 

that every Muslim should make at least once in his life mansam Musa with his Caravan of camels and an army of 

Scholars gave vast amounts of gold to any poor person he saw hence crashing 

all of the economies in Northern Africa due to the inflation of gold when menam 

Musa returned to mly he made it his life purpose to make Timbuktu the Muslim capital of knowledge so manam Musa 

invested heavily in building the University of sanor various Islamic faith Scholars quickly made their way to 

sanor to study Islamic theology law and literature with over 1 million 

manuscripts manam Musa was also a very religious man with a policy that he 

commissioned a new mosque every Friday however sadly though only the Jinger 

mosque in timbuk 2 stood the test of 

time in the Americas though another built-on riches was being created 

as Aztec Legend has it the god weapo directed them to build where they 

saw an eagle perched on a cactus eating a snake when they saw this exact scene 

on an Island located in what was once Lake teoco they interpreted it as a sign 

from their God and founded Teno chidon on that island As Time passed Teno 

chidon started to build impressive Temple such as the Great temple the Great temple comprised of two main 

structures dedicated to the gods wheat silap and tck the city itself was most 

fascinating it was designed with a complex system of canals and causeways to help control flooding and facilitate 

transport across the city while they started to farm on floating gardens known as chinampas on the shallow Waters 

of Lake te ccoo which were used to grow crops such as maze beans and 

squash as Molly and the Aztecs were building their City cities England and France were in war for 100 years the 

origins of the conflict lay with the status of the duchy of guyen in basic capitalistic terms this was owned by the 

British crown however the land itself was in France the second reason was that 

the last direct descendant of Charlamagne King Charles ivth died in 

1328 so the next closest relative was Edward III the king of England so King 

Edward III claimed climed the rule of France in 1337 which was not liked by the French 

people as the petty erratic Hundred Years War raged on the people of the 

world had to face a pandemic like no other the Bubonic plague as the Italian 

poet Giovani bachio wrote at the beginning of the malady certain swellings either on the groin or under 

the armpits waxed to the bigness of a common Apple others to the size of an P 

some more and some less and these the vulgar named plague boils historians 

believe this pandemic was spread by rats traveling through ships across Europe and Merchants throughout the Silk Road 

no matter how this plague was produced around 75 to 200 million people died 

with the death of so many people especially the poor landowners and Nobles were required to allow Farmers to 

keep more of the product they farmed leading to more workers 

rights in China though a group of rebels known as the red turbans revolted 

against the Mongol rulers of China the red turbin were led by a man named Zu 

Yen Jong born into a poor peasant family zoo built a strong following among the 

rebel forces and eventually emerged as their leader in 1368 zuo declared himself Emperor and 

established the Ming Dynasty marking the beginning of a new era in Chinese 

[Music] history in 1428 at the age of 16 Joan 

left her home in the village of doy and traveled to the court of Charles I 7th where she asked for permission to lead 

the French Army against the English at first her request was met with skepticism in disbelief still Joan 

persisted and eventually won the support of the French Commander Jan's first major military Victory came 

in the siege of Orleans in 1429 she led the French troops in a 

series of Daring attacks on the English forces and she broke the siege and liberated the city this Victory boosted 

French morale and helped to turn the tide of the war in their favor over the 

next several months Joan led the French army to victories against the English including the Battle of Pate in June 

1429 however however her success also made her enemies in the English and French Court in 1430 she was captured by 

the English and put on trial for heresy and Witchcraft Joan was subjected to a 

grueling trial she was accused of various crimes including dressing in 

men's clothing practicing sorcery and hearing voices despite the odds against 

her Joan remained steadfast in her faith and her belief that she was carrying out 

God will in the end Joan was found guilty and sentenced to death by burning 

at stake she was executed on May 30th 1431 at 19 then 20 years later in the 

Battle of castian Charles iith of France led a French army which defeated the 

English army effectively ending English territorial claims in 

France while back in the great city of Constantinople the Byzantine Empire was 

declining weakened by years of war political instability and economic 

turmoil in contrast the Ottoman Empire led by Sultan mmed II was on the rise 

and the sultan saw an opportunity to expand his Empire and gain control of the Strategic city of Constantinople by 

1453 mamed II LED an army of 880,000 soldiers including Elite janissary 

troops and a powerful artillery Force to besiege Constantinople the Byzantine 

Defenders led by Emperor Constantine VI 11th were vastly outnumbered and outgun 

they faced a seemingly impossible task to hold off the ottoman assault the Ottomans bombarded the city with 

artillery for nearly 2 months causing extensive damage to the walls and 

fortifications the Byzantine Defenders meanwhile struggle to maintain morale 

and keep their troops fed and supply then on the fateful day May 29th 

1453 the Ottomans launched a massive assault on the city climbing up covered 

by Siege Towers they were able to breach the walls and gain access to the city 

despite putting up a valiant defense the Byzantine Defenders were overwhelmed and 

the Ottomans were able to storm the city and capture the capital causing the great Byzantine Empire to fall in 

1453 all paths no longer led to Rome and all traces back to the Empire of Caesar 

were erased it was replaced by the beginning of utter ottoman domination in 

the region ushering in a new era of Turkish power and influence in the 

Mediterranean while the byzantines might have been falling the Russians were finally gaining their independence at 

the time the Mongol Empire was ruling over Russia demanding that various Russian towns pay tribute or face the 

Wrath of the Mongols however in 1472 Ivan the Great refus to pay such 

tribute over the next several years he built up his military strength and was able to drive out the Mongol garrisons 

from various cities and towns throughout Russia in 1480 the Mongols demanded that 

Ivan pay tribute or face military action but after a 10 standoff they finally 

retreated Ivan's victory was the beginning of a free Russia and the decline of the Mongolian 

Empire then in 1492 as Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue the 

Europeans discovered the new world said initially on finding a path to India 

instead he landed on an island in the Bahamas which he aptly named San Salvador when he and his crew set up 

camp he met the lucayans skilled fishermen and farmers who welcomed him 

and his crew and provided them with food and 

supplies while back in Europe a golden age of culture was Upon Us in 1503 

Leonardo da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa Da Vinci's biographer Walter Isaacson 

says the Mona Lisa to me is the greatest emotional painting ever done the way the 

smile flickers makes it a work of art and science because Leonardo understood Optics the muscles of the lips and how 

light strikes the eye all of it goes into making the monalisa's smile so mysterious and Elusive in 1504 

Michelangelo sculpted David Michelangelo would say in every block of marble I see 

a statue as plain as though it stood before me Shaped in perfect and attitude 

and action I have only to Hue away the rough walls that imprison the lovely 

aition to reveal it to the other eyes as mine see it while in 1506 Michelangelo 

was painting The Magnificent painting of the cistin [Music] 

chapel while in the political world Nicolo macavelli is one of if not the 

most influential pieces of literature we have today the prince is a political 

Manifesto that comments on the past civilizations we've heard about in this video mavelli writes it is much safer to be 

feared than loved because love is preserved by the link of obligation 

which owing to the beastess of men is broken at every opportunity for their advantage but fear preserves You by a 

dread of punishment which never fails think about the ordinary farmer think 

about the man who spends generations of their life farming giving heavy taxes to a noble Lord for doing nothing except 

protecting them why w't the farmers Rebel it's because they're afraid of what would happen without their leaders 

without the elites the Huns or the Mongols can come to your farm and destroy you on their own so you live in 

fear as to what might happen to you leaving you to give your wheat to said 

[Music] leader Martin Luther though didn't just report on the basics of human nature 

Martin wanted to make a difference and was sick of the Catholic Church at the time the Catholic church was 

selling indulgences which were certificates that people could purchase to reduce the amount of time they would 

spend in purgatory after they died Luther believed this practice was corrupt and went against the Bible's 

teachings which emphasized the importance of repentance and Faith over material wealth in protest he wrote a 

series of 95 Theses or arguments challenging the church's Authority and 

calling for reform on October 31st 1517 Luther nailed his 95 thesis to the door 

of the castle Church in Wittenberg which was a common way of announcing a public debate or discussion Luther's 95 thesis 

sparked a debate within the church and among European scholars and theologians 

some people agreed with his criticisms of the church While others saw him as a heretic and a threat to the established 

order the beginning of protestantism was upon us 

[Music] in 1519 though the Spanish conquistadors 

under the leadership of Hearn and Cortez arrived on the Aztec Shores they were greeted by the Aztecs who gave Gifts of 

gold and silver of incredible wealth to the Spanish as they believe that the Spaniards were emissaries of the god 

ketzel colad however Cortez soon revealed his true intentions to conquer 

the Aztec empire in claim its wealth for Spain over several years Cortez and his 

forces engaged in a series of battles with the Aztecs marked by intense 

violence and brutality the Spanish were aided by their Superior military technology including guns and cannons 

and by the support of indigenous allies who were the enemies of the Aztecs despite being vastly outnumbered Cortez 

and his men made significant gains against the Aztec eventually laying Siege to the capital city of tuno chidon 

after months of fighting the city fell to the Spanish in 1521 and the Aztec Empire was 

effectively destroyed then following the strategy of Cortez Francisco pizaro LED 

an expedition that conquered the inin empire in present day Peru though the 

violence was authoritarian the bio hazards were even more demanding the 

Europeans due to having survived illnesses such as the Bubonic plague in small poox developed immunity to many of 

these diseases that they've one way or another spread to the native people 

essentially over time killing them 

off under sulan the Magnificent leadership the Ottoman Empire became one 

of the most powerful and influential empires in world history sulan was a brilliant strategist and military leader 

and his Reign was marked by significant conquests and political achievements 

like many other leaders he set out to conquer the world by the end of his Reign sulan the Magnificent presided 

over a vast Empire that stretched from Southeastern Europe to the deserts of 

Arabia and from the shores of the Mediterranean to The Plains of Persia his conquests included the capture of 

Belgrade and Budapest in Europe Jerusalem in Mecca in the Middle East and tabes in Baghdad in Persia the 

Ottomans also became the dominant Naval power in the Mediterranean with control 

over North African cities such as alers and Tunis creating the dominant ottoman 

[Music] civilization but yet All Things fall 

when one is in love and the murder happppy King Henry had fallen in love with Anne boin and was desperate to 

marry her however Katherine of Aragon was still alive and the Catholic Church did not recognize divorce Henry's 

solution was to break away from the Catholic church and established the Church of England with himself as the 

head in 1534 Henry passed the act of Supremacy which declared that the king 

not the pope was the Supreme head of the Church of England leaving the Catholic Church to be angry and excommunicate 

Henry iith leaving a Schism between the Church of England and the Catholic Church even 

today Ivan the Terrible is now the ruler of Russia in the early years of his 

Reign Ivan enjoyed significant success launching military campaigns against 

neighboring kingdoms and expanding Russia's borders he also oversaw the construction of magnificent Public Works 

including St Basil's Cathedral in Moscow however as Ivan Grew Older older 

he became increasingly paranoid and erratic he launched a series of brutal purges and executions targeting anyone 

he perceived as threatening his power he also had a volatile temper lashing out 

at advisers and Nobles who dared to question his decisions in 1560 Ivan 

suffered a devastating personal loss when his beloved wife Anastasia died 

this event seems to have triggered a significant psychological break down and 

Ivan became increasingly unstable and violent he launched a series of bloody 

campaigns against his own people including the notorious oprich Nina a 

campaign of Terror and repression that killed thousands of Russians and destroyed countless homes and families 

truly deserving of the name 

terrible while Russia was going through that England was on the rise with the start of the English Renaissance under 

the leadership of Queen Elizabeth the Elizabethan playwrights dominated the 

scene creating written words that were poetic in language and poignant and meeting they've even written plays about 

people we've already talked about William Shakespeare wrote many plays including histories Julius Caesar which 

was about the assassination of Julius Caesar King John which was about the Hundred Years War and Henry viith was a 

play about showing human needs to gain power other notable playwrights who filled the scene were Christopher Marlo 

Ben Johnson and John 

Webster while on the other side of the world the English colony of James toown was forming in Virginia under the 

Virginia Trading Company slightly up north Samuel D Champlain was establishing the French colony of Quebec 

in Canada 

while back in the old world they were having a new era of fighting the 30 

Years War this time it was between the Protestants and the Catholics it began 

in 1618 when the Holy Roman Emperor attempted to impose Catholicism on the 

Protestant population of bohemia the Bohemians rebelled and soon the conflict 

spread throughout the region over the next 30 Years armies marched and counter 

marched across Europe leaving a trail of Destruction and Devastation the war was 

characterized by brutal sieges bloody battles and atrocities committed by both 

sides at its height the war involved most of the major powers of Europe 

including France Spain Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire it was fought along 

religious political and economic lines with each side vying for dominance and 

control the war finally ended in 16 1648 with the signing of the Peace of West 

philia the treaty recognized the Dutch Republic's Independence established the individual states sovereignty within the 

Holy Roman Empire and ended the religious conflicts that fueled the 

[Music] war while in China the Ming Court was plagued by corruption factionalism and 

economic decline the emperor at the time changen faced mounting pressure pressure from his advisers to strengthen the 

military and defend against the Manu threat however his efforts were hindered by infighting among officials and a lack 

of resources in 1644 the Manu Army led by Prince dorgon launched a massive 

invasion of China the Ming Army weakened by years of neglect and Corruption was 

no match for the highly disciplined and skilled Manu forces the Manus quickly 

conquered Beijing and installed their puppet emperor ending the Ming Dynasty continuing the cycle of dynasties in 

China while in Spain King Charles II died without having any HS creating a 

real political crisis of who should be the leader King Louis the 14th of France 

supported his grandson philli as the rightful heir to the Spanish Throne 

hoping to secure French influence over Spain and its territories on the other hand Emperor Leopold I of Austria 

supported the candidacy of arch duuk Charles a member of the Habsburg Dynasty 

who was seen as a potential ally against French expansionism the conflict soon 

escalated into a major war with many European powers taking sides and forming 

alliances the principal belligerent were France and Spain against a coalition of 

Austria Great Britain the Dutch Republic Portugal and several other minor Powers 

the war ended with the Treaty of utre in 17713 which recognized Philip as king of 

Spain but required him to renounce any claims to the French throne and Seed 

some territories to Great Britain and Austria the Treaty of rastad signed the following year officially ended the 

[Music] war in 1707 the acts of the Union were 

passed by the parliaments of England and Scotland which United the two kingdoms into a single political entity known as 

Great Britain hence creating the legal foothold that is Great Britain however 

Scotland took a disliking to this there were protests and uprisings in the Years following the union including the 

Jacobite risings of 1715 and 1745 which aimed to restore the Scottish 

monarchy and Independence [Music] 

then on July 4th 1776 a group of American Patriots stood 

in a room in Philadelphia signing a document that would say the words we hold these truths to be self-evident 

that all men are created equal that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights that among 

these are life liberty and the pursuit of happiness war in the Americas was 

on but back in Europe the tone was quite different Adam Smith published the 

famous book The Wealth of Nations the foundations of L's Fair economics which 

essentially says the market would balance itself out over time in Austria mosart was performing his magnumopus the 

hner serenade Mozart's hner serenade is a charming and elegant work featuring 

courtly dance music and light lyrical Melodies its graceful Melodies subtle 

harmonies and elegant instrumental writing characterize [Music] 

it as the war continued King George III sent his armies of the masses over to 

America though the colonists had little military training their knowledge of the terrain and Guerilla tactics made them 

nearly invisible at the same time the red Army Coats were easy to see for the 

Americans in the summer of 1781 George Washington and French General roshambo 

marched their forces South to Virginia where they laid Siege to Corn Wallace and his army at Yorktown the British 

were trapped and could not Escape by land or Sea The Siege dragged on for 

weeks the American and French forces bombarded the British with artillery 

they dug trenches to inch their way closer to the British def defensive the French navy defeated the British Navy in 

a crucial naval battle off the coast of Virginia cutting off corn Wallace's only 

Escape Route by sea on October 14th 1781 the American and French forces launched 

a massive assault on the British defenses the British fought valiantly 

but were vastly outnumbered and outgunned and they soon began to falter on October 19th corn Wallace surrendered 

his army to Washington effectively end in the war the Victory at Yorktown was a 

decisive moment in the war and it marked the end of British rule in America and 

the beginning of a new [Music] 

experiment with America finally being free from the totally tyrannical grips 

of Britain they had one issue how are they going to lead were they going to make General George Washington their 

Monarch therefore democracy was chosen however Plato made a good point many 

years ago that the common man was incapable and not wise enough to pick a better leader to lead them to success so 

the American founded Constitutional Convention came up with this idea of the Electoral College where the common man 

would vote for a particular person who would then have a say in who could be president so instead of the president 

being directly voted on by the people they would vote on Elites who would then vote for the president 

directly the French then noticed how well the American Revolution went at the 

time the French were ruled by King Louis the 16th and his wife Queen Marie 

antoinet as Queen Marie antoinet told the peasants let them eat cake the 

people of France got together they decided they wanted more say and how the country was run and they formed a group 

called The National Assembly and started making new laws to give them more rights 

one of the most famous events of the French Revolution was the storming of the Basel this was a prison that 

represented the king's power and the people wanted to show that they were not afraid of him they broke into the prison 

and freed the prisoners which started a revolution throughout France many 

influential people lost their heads During the Revolution including King 

Louis V 16th and his wife Queen Marie Antoinette the people were tired of 

being ruled by a king and queen who didn't care about them and they wanted to create a new system where everyone 

would have a say and the people of France voted in maximilan robes Pierre 

in 1789 Roes Pierre was elected as a delegate to the Estates General which 

was convened to address France's financial crisis he quickly emerged as a 

leading voice in the National Assembly advocating for the ordinary people's rights and opposing the aristocracy's 

power as the revolution continued though robes Pierre became increasingly radical 

in his views advocating for the execution of King Lou V 16th and the 

establishment of a republic he was elected to the powerful Committee of Public Safety in 

1793 tasked with protecting the Revolution and rooting out enemies of the State under robes Pierre's 

leadership the committee launched a period of intense repression known as the reign of terror thousands of people 

were arrested tried and executed for crimes against the revolution robes 

Pierre became known as a ruthless and uncompromising figure however robes 

Pierre's power began to wne as the people grew tired of the violence and the instability of the revolution in 

1794 he was arrested and imprisoned along with his closest allies on July 

28th 1794 robes Pierre was taken to the guillotine and 

executed the execution marked the end of the reign of terror and democracy for 

now in France instead they moved to a directory a directory is a government 

led by a five member executive Council known as the directory which was chosen 

by the Council of Elders this legislative body was also part of the new government the directory was meant 

to serve as a moderate in force balancing the interests of the various factions that had emerged During the 

Revolution however the directory concept wasn't successful as well so General 

Napoleon bonapart decided to overthrow the government and begin his conquests 

to take over the world so off Napoleon went to conquer much of Europe in 1805 Napoleon defeated 

a combined Ostro Russian army at the Battle of ostritz solidifying his 

position as one of Europe's most powerful leaders he then conquered much of the continent including Spain 

Portugal and the Netherlands in 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with a massive 

Army still the campaign proved disastrous and his forces were decimated 

by the harsh Russian winter the defeat marked the beginning of Napoleon's 

downfall in 1814 the European powers Allied against Napoleon and invaded 

France forcing him to abdicate his throne and go into Exile on the island 

of Elba however he returned to France in 1815 in what became known as the 100 

days and briefly regained power before being defeated by the British and 

Prussian armies at the Battle of 

watero while back in the American Simone bivar was on his military campaigns to 

free Latin American countries from the grasp of the Spanish colonial rule bivar 

began his military campaigns in Venezuela in 1810 where he led a 

successful Uprising against the Spanish Colonial authorities he then moved on to Colombia where he won a series of 

important victories against the Spanish including the Battle of boaka in 

1819 which secured the independence of Colombia boulevar then turned his 

attention to Ecuador and Peru where he won a series of decisive battles that 

helped secure both countries Independence he captured the city of Lima in 

1824 effectively ending Spanish control of Peru bolvar's final military campaign 

was in Bolivia where he led the fight for independence against the Spanish in 1825 Bolivia was named in honor of 

Bolivar who played a critical role in its [Music] 

Liberation in 1848 two men had an idea that would spark debate worldwide Carl 

Marx and Frederick Engles wrote the book called The Communist Manifesto which is 

a book about the idea of Communism where instead of a capitalistic system where 

the Nobles or boua own everything and the workers and proletariat work for 

slave wages instead what if the proletariat owned the means of production and all work together as 

marks and Engles would write let the ruling classes tremble at a communistic 

revolution the proletarians would have nothing to lose but their chains and they have and they to win they would 

also write the need for a constantly expanding market for its products chases the Bourgeois over the whole surface of 

the globe it must Nestle everywhere settle everywhere a establish 

connections [Music] 

everywhere right after the writing of the Communist Manifesto began a period in Europe known as the Scramble for 

Africa it All Began in the 1870s when European countries began to explore the 

interior of Africa looking for new territories to claim and resources to 

exploit at first the European powers were cautious sending explor ERS and 

missionaries into Africa to establish trade networks and alliances with local 

leaders however as competition increased the European powers became more aggressive in their tactics they used 

military force to establish colonies and protectorates and they engaged in diplomatic maneuvering and propaganda 

campaigns to gain the support of local populations one of the most ruthless 

tactics the European powers used was dividing Africa into artificial borders 

and creating new ethnic and linguistic divisions this created tensions and 

conflicts between different African groups which the Europeans used to their advantage creating a European stronghold 

over the continent of Africa to increase their profits the Scramble for Africa came to an end as a result of several 

factors including changing International politics economic realities and Rising 

African nationalism one of the key factors that contributed to the end of the Scramble for Africa was the changing 

balance of power in Europe by the early 20th century European powers were 

increasingly focused on competition with each other particularly in Europe itself 

and were less interested in acquiring new colonies in Africa this was due in 

part to the growing tensions between European powers that would eventually lead to the outbreak of World War I in 

1914 because on June 28th 1914 a shot was heard around the world with the 

assassination of arch duuk fron Ferdinand fron Ferdinand was the heir to 

the throne of Austria Hungary and his assassination by a Serbian nationalist 

named gilo princip sparked a diplomatic crisis that quickly escalated into a 

global conflict in the aftermath of the Assassin ass ination Austria Hungary declared war on Serbia triggering a 

complex web of alliances and treaties that Drew other countries into the conflict Germany an ally of Austria 

Hungary declared war on Russia and France while Great Britain which had a 

treaty with Belgium declared war on Germany within weeks most of Europe was 

embroiled in a brutal and devastating conflict in November 1918 after 4 years 

of brutal fighting the Allied powers and the Central Powers agreed to an 

Armistice effectively bringing an end to the war and the demise of the Ottoman Empire on November 11th the Armistice 

went into effect and the guns fell silent across 

Europe World War II the peace was shortlived because a man named Adolf 

Hitler invaded Poland like Alexander the Great Julius Caesar Tran AA the Hun gas 

Khan Napoleon bonapart and sulaman the great Adolf Hitler wanted to establish 

an empire for his nation and his people Adolf had dreams of building an empire 

larger than anything that was ever created he wanted to make the Roman Empire look like nothing however for the 

sake of the world and especially those Hitler viewed as undesirable Vermin in 

April 1945 Soviet forces began a massive assault on Berlin after weeks of intense 

fighting the city fell on May 2nd and German forces surrendered meanwhile 

Allied Forces were closing in from the west and on May 7th Germany signed an 

unconditional surrender officially ending the war in Europe a few months 

later after the bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima Japan surrendered as well 

leaving the war to be 

over from World War II on the world has faced a technological Revolution with 

Alan turing's invention of the computer during the war the world became Global 

for 50 years America and the Soviet Union were at War despite the fact that 

they were on two totally different continents in 1969 Neil arm strong 

landed on the moon saying that's one small step for man one di for 

man as the years on the world has become increasingly smaller computers have 

become more affordable cell phones change the way we communicated with one another let's go back to the story of a 

man named Gilgamesh on his quest for immortality at the end of the poem Gilgamesh realizes life which you look 

for you will never find for when God's created man they let death be his share 

and life withheld in their own hands the history of human civilizations is an 

incomplete book constantly being updated some things will never change however 

humans will always die Empires will always rise and fall the masses will 

always clamor towards safety 

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